admin

Kinesiology Notes: Joints

November 30, 2020 admin Leave a comment Education

PE 307: Kinesiology Lecture 1 Outline

Chapter 1: Foundations of Structural Kinesiology

Structural kinesiology: study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the science of movement
600 muscles (motors) that move bones (levers)
Muscles move in groups and attach to bones
3 functions of skeletal system:
- support
- protect
- attachment sites
2 Divisions:
- Axial
- Appendicular
3 Planes of motion, and the axis is 90 degrees from the plane
Definition of plane: imaginary 2D surface with height and breadth through which a limb or body segment moves
Cardinal plane: divides body exactly into 2 halves
The center of gravity changes with weight gain, pregnancy, and movement.
Axis: a straight line about which an object rotates 90 degrees to a plane

Plane	Description	Axis of Rotation	Common movements
Sagittal	Divides body into right and left	Frontal	flexion, extension
Frontal (lateral or coronal)	Divides into anterior and posterior	Sagittal	Abduction, adduction
Transverse	Divides into superior and inferior	Longitudinal (vertical)	Internal & External rotation

Bilateral	right and left sides
Contralateral & Ipsilateral	opposite side & same side
Deep	below surface
Distal	away from center
Dorsal	toward the back
Inferior & Superior	below and above
Lateral & Medial	farther from median, closer to median
Plantar	sole of foot
Posterior & Anterior	towards the back, behind & towards the front
Prone & supine	lying face down & lying face up
Proximal	toward the center; trunk
Superficial	near the surface

Abduction & Adduction	Frontal plane, Sagittal Axis	Lateral movement away from midline & towards midline
Flexion & Extension	Sagittal plane, Frontal axis	Decrease the joint angle by bringing bones together & increase joint angle by moving bones apart
Circumduction		Circular movement of a limb that describes a cone
External rotation & Internal rotation	Transverse plane, longitudinal axis	rotary movement around long. axis away from midline & towards midline

Ankle and Foot
Eversion	Frontal plane, Sag. axis	Turning sole of foot outward
Inversion	Frontal plane, Sag. axis	Turning sole of foot inward
Dorsiflexion	Sag. plane, Frontal axis	Flexing ankle so top of foot comes towards anterior tibia
Plantar flexion	Sag. plane, Frontal axis	Extending ankle so toes are away from body

Radioulnar
Pronation	Transverse plane, long. axis	palm down position of forearm
Supination	Transverse plane, long. axis	palm up position of forearm

Shoulder girdle
Depression & Elevation	Frontal plane, sag. axis	Inferior movement & superior movement of shoulder girdle
Protraction & Retraction	Horizontal plane	forward movement of shoulder away from spine and backward movement of shoulder towards the spine
Downward and Upward rotation	Frontal plane, sag. axis	rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle moving medially and down VS rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle moving laterally and up

Shoulder Joint
Horizontal Abduction and Adduction	Horizontal plane	Moving humerus away from midline and towards midline

Spine
Lateral flexion	Frontal plane	(side bending) moving head or trunk laterally away from midline
Reduction	Frontal plane	Returning spinal column to midline

Wrist and Hand
Radial/lateral deviation or flexion	Frontal plane	Abduction movement at the wrist of the thumb side of the hand toward the lateral forearm
Ulnar/medial deviation or flexion	Frontal plane	Adduction movement at the wrist of the little finger side of the hand towards the medial forearm
Opposition (of the thumb)		diagonal movement of the thumb across planar surface to touch fingers

Bony processes		Example
Condyle	Large, rounded projection that usually articulates with another bone	medial or lateral condyle of femur
Head	prominent, rounded projection at the proximal end of a bone	head of femur, head of humerus
Angle	bend or protruding angular projection	superior and inferior angle of scapula
Border or margin	Edge or boundary line of a bone	lateral and medial border of scapula
Crest	Prominant, narrow, ridgelike projection	iliac crest of pelvis
Epicondyle	"above condyle"	medial or lateral epicondyle of humerus
Line	Ridge of bone less prominent than a crest	linea aspera of femur
Process	any prominent projection	acromion process of scapula
Ramus	part of an irregularly shaped bone that is thicker than a process and forms an angle with the main body	superior and inferior ramus of pubis
Spine	sharp, slender projection	spinous process, spine of scapula
Trochanter	very large projection	greater and less trochanter of femur
Tubercle	small rounded projection	greater and lesser tubercle of humerus
Tuberosity	large rounded or roughended projection	radial tuberosity, tibial tuberosity

Synarthrodial joint

Immovable

Amphiarthrodial joint

Slightly movable

Diarthrodial joint

Freely movable

Joint & Descriptive name

Trochoidal

Pivot, Screw

Condyloidal

Biaxial ball and socket

Arthrodial

Gliding, plane

Enarthrodial

Multiaxial ball and socket

Ginglymus

Hinge

Sellar

Saddle

Definition

Rotational movement around a long axis

Movement in 2 planes without rotation

2 flat bony surfaces butt against each other

movement in all planes

wide range of movement in one plane (elbow, ankle, knee)

thumb at carpometacarpal joint. ball and socket movement except for slight rotation

Structure of a diarthrodial joint: Articular/hyaline cartilage covers surfaces of ends of bones; absorbs shock; and cushions ends of bones

Joint capsule: comprised of joint capsule (ligamentous tissue) that surrounds ends forming joint, and synovial capsule/membrane that secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the area between the joint, and lines the joint capsule.

Joint cavity: the area inside the joint capsule and contains synovial fluid

Happy Thanksgiving!

November 26, 2020 admin Leave a comment Client Relations, Opinion

Happy Thanksgiving

I am always very grateful to my clients for allowing me to do work that I love. But this month, I am particularly grateful that everyone has obliged my request to write in the journal I acquired one month ago. It has already become dear to my heart. Imagine the gravitas it will have years down the road, after its pages are full and it has multiple successors.

I would like to share some of the beautiful thoughts you all shared in it thus far. I may not always be able to interpret the handwriting, but each word brings me joy, whether it’s legible or not. 🙂

The very first entry was October 25th, when the prompt I gave was “Just write whatever is on your mind right now or as you were driving over here.” Later, I added “What are your goals for today’s session”

“How much work is enough? Am I taking care of myself? How best can I spend my time? What am I on a path to?

“I’m looking forward to the escape that happens when I’m here. I achieved true peace last time. It was amazing.”

“Sharp pain, when walking, hits in my back like a sharp knife. Constant feel of pressure lives in my lower back and my shoulders. Heavy stuff.”

“I, like many Americans, am eagerly awaiting our political situation. Feel like my brain has been on overdrive and have spent too much time in front of screens this week. I’m excited for some time away from everything and a chance to relax.”

“Stress, anxiety, and hurt have become normalcy. Why can’t everything be like it used to.”

“This weekend has been one of great relief and release of tension. Now I feel unwound. There is so much to do in my life and in the world. I am ready to face it. I know that I am not by myself. The bright connections with the other people in my life are energized and I am ready to follow their pulls.

I’m excited about this journey. Onward through the mystery!”

“Here today because of the stress of election week. I feel confident in our country to move forward in the right direction but being —– of those who would see a tyrant installed brings so much anxiety.”

“I left work early. I am going out of town to my grandparents Mountain House. I want to be relaxed so I can stay calm all weekend. I came here because I wanted a different approach to therapy. I’m excited! :Drawing of mountains: The mountains grant me peace”

“I stopped journaling when I was a child and my elder sisters teased me with what I wrote, so this is an interesting experience. If we’re dealing with my hopes then they are to leave here feeling relaxed and tranquil. Possibly with further techniques gleaned. I think we’re all seeking connection, especially now. With ourselves and with others.”

“Looking forward to trying something new and checking out Erin’s re-made studio. And to relaxing into the weekend!”

Adding Prompts

The first 3 prompts I added were:

“Where do you live? In a house, in a town, in a dream? Be literal or not. The photographer Dorothea Lange once gave her students an assignment to photograph where they lived. They asked her to do it too. She brought in a picture of her foot (she’d had polio as a child). Go with your first thought”

“Write what your five senses are picking up right now. Keep it simple. No thoughts or feelings, just the details of what your body is sensing.”

“Write about a time you went into cold water – a lake, pool, shower, or rain. Write about how your body reacted. Was it delicious relief from the heat, or a shock that caused goosebumps and turned your lips blue? Or write about the cold water as a metaphor.”

Responses to prompts

“I live in my head. That’s where my comfort is. It’s where I retreat to when I’m stressed or worried or scared. It’s been a long term project to — make space. Seems like now, it’s time to clean, organize, and get things in order.”

“The feeling of cool water in my throat going down to my stomach. The cool air blowing in the room and almost moving with the rhythmic music. The earth tones around me. The relaxed mood of the ambiance. The old leather of this book with old style binding of the leaves of each page. The wagging dog happy at the simple things.”

“The first memory that comes to mind is a morning at swim practice in December. We swam in an outdoor pool and the heater had just broken, so while the temperature of the water was falling my coach made us get in to at least get a warmup. Jumping in when the water was 64 degrees was literally breathtaking. My entire body simultaneously froze and went into overdrive. I could feel every hair on my body as I fruitlessly tried to warm up. Because it was barely above freezing I never did, but it — the best try and a visceral experience.”

Post-massage thoughts

“Calm. Happy. Clear.
Thankful for this time.
Centered. Open to listening to what my stressed body is trying to tell me.”

“My brain feels centered now and calm. My body feels less stressed and on edge — finally don’t feel like I’m in my constant fight/flight state.”

“Sometimes all we need is a second or two in our own thoughts. Although things seem out of control sometimes, I need to remind myself that those feelings are temporary”

“My body feel more alive. It’s like I can sense my blood flowing, my nerves tingling and myself just being awake. I’m smiling on the inside and the outside!”

“I feel so much better already. There were times when I caught myself imagining the worst for our country but I have found comfort in knowing that evil triumphs only when good people do nothing”

“Afterwards, I feel more relaxed. Knots I didn’t know I had are gone. I definitely feel more tranquil. I am looking forward to the rest of my evening.”

“What a lovely ceremony. I feel like a whole person. Thank you! This is the feeling I want to take with me out into the world.”

“I imagined I was a warrior after a battle. A warrior in mind and body. I hope to keep that mentality with me going forward.”

“Music is persistent from beginning to end. Skin is soft from massage and coarse gloves. Muscles are much relaxed and not tight. Mind wanders. Sleeping dog. 🙂 Feeling uplifted! Thanks so much! You’re awesome Erin!”

Muscle Analysis: Shoulder Girdle

November 26, 2020 admin Leave a comment Education

Muscle Analysis: The Shoulder Girdle

3 anterior muscles

3 posterior muscles

Abduction/Protraction

Transverse plane, Longitudinal axis

Adduction/Retraction

Elevation

Frontal plane, Sagittal axis

Depression

Upward rotation

Frontal plane, Sag. axis

Downward rotation

PADDEL: Posterior muscles ADDuct and ELevate

Arthrodial Joints	Articulating Bones
Sternoclavicular (SC)	Manubrium (sternum) Clavicle (Medial/sternal end)
Acromioclavicular	Acromion (of scapula) Clavicle (Lateral end)

Shoulder Girdle movement definitions:

Arthrodial/gliding joint: 2 flat bony surfaces that butt against each other.

Adduction/Retraction: movement of the scapula medially towards the spinal column, as in pinching the shoulder blades together (Transverse plane, longitudinal axis)

Abduction/Protraction: movement of the scapula laterally away from the midline, as in reaching for an object in front of the body (Trans. plane, long. axis)

Elevation: Upward/superior movement as in shrugging the shoulders (Frontal plane, sag. axis)

Depression: Downward/inferior movement as in returning to a normal position from a shoulder shrug

Upward rotation: turning the glenoid fossa up and moving the inferior angle upwards and laterally away from the spinal column (frontal plane, sag. axis)

Downward rotation: returning the inferior angle medially and inferiorly toward the spinal column, and the glenoid fossa to its normal position (frontal plane, sag. axis)

Serratus Anterior

Origin

Axial Skeleton

1st through 9th ribs

On surface, at side of chest

Insertion

Shoulder Girdle – Scapula

Anterior, medial border

SG Action

Abduct – Scapula

Upward Rotation – Scapula

Pectoralis minor

Origin

Axial Skeleton

3rd through 5th ribs

Anterior surface

Insertion

Shoulder Girdle – Scapula

Coracoid process

SG Action

Abduct – Scapula

Downward Rotation – Scapula

Depression – Scapula

Subclavius

Origin

Axial Skeleton

1st rib

Superior aspect at junction with costal cartilage

Insertion

Shoulder Girdle – Clavicle

inferior groove in mid portion

SG Action

Depression – Clavicle

Abduction – Clavicle

Levator Scapulae

Origin

Axial Skeleton

C1-C4

Transverse processes

Insertion

Shoulder Girdle – Scapula

medial border above spine

SG Action

Elevation – Scapula

(Downward rotation)

(Adduction)

Rhomboids

Origin

Axial Skeleton

C7 – T5

Spinous processes

Insertion

Shoulder Girdle – Scapula

medial border below spine

SG Action

Adduct – Scapula

Downward rotation – Scapula

Elevation – Scapula

Trapezius

Origin

Upper portion:

Axial Skeleton – Skull

Occipital protuberance and C6, and lateral to acromion

Middle portion:

Axial Skeleton – C7 – T3

Spinous processes

Lower portion:

Axial Skeleton – T4 – T12

Spinous processes

Insertion

Upper portion:

Shoulder girdle – Clavicle

posterior, lateral 1/3rd of Clavicle

Middle portion:

Shoulder girdle – Scapula

Medial border acromion process and superior border of spine of scapula

Lower portion:

Scapula

base of spine of scapula

SG Action

Upper portion:

Elevate Scapula

Extend and rotate head at neck

Middle:

Elevate – scap

Upward Rotation – scap

Adduction – scap

Lower:

Depress scap

Adduct scap

Upward rotation of scap

Line of Pull

Pectoralis major (clavicular head) is primarily a flexor, but when in anatomical position, the clavicular portion of PECmjr acts as a strong adductor and internal rotator of the humerus.

Acting independently, the clavicular portion of the muscle flexes the humerus up to 90 degrees in a horizontal plane. The sternocostal portion of the muscle can produce the antagonistic movement and extend the humerus back to the anatomical position.

Acting together with the of latissimus dorsi muscle, the pectoralis major muscle pulls the trunk forwards or upwards when its humeral attachment is fixed. This action is important in activities such as climbing. When acting from the humeral attachment, the pectoralis major muscle also facilitates the act of inspiration. This is particularly important during forced breathing in physical distress.

Things to consider

Exact locations of bony landmarks to which muscles attach proximally and distally
The muscle’s relationship/line of pull relative to the joint’s planes of motion and axes of rotation
The planes of motion and corresponding axes through which a joint is capable of moving
As a joint moves through a particular ROM, the ability of the line of pull of a particular muscle to change and even result in the muscle having a different or opposite action than the original position.
The potential effect of other muscles’ relative contraction or relaxation of a particular muscle’s ability to cause motion
The effect of a muscle’s relative length on its ability to generate force (e.g. active/passive insufficiency and length-tension relationship)
The effect of the position of the other joints on the ability of a bi-articular or multi-articular muscle to generate force or allow lengthening.

*Information from my college course on Structural Kinesiology with Dr. Jane Roy at UAB, 2010.

Muscle Analysis: Shoulder Joint

November 25, 2020 admin Leave a comment Education

Muscle Analysis: The Shoulder Joint

Instead of tossing out my Kinesiology notes from college, I’m documenting the information here.

3 anterior muscles

2 superior muscles

4 posterior muscles

* 4 muscles = rotator cuff group. Main function: hold socket, stabilize, especially during eccentric joint deceleration

I – intrinsic (7): originate on the Shoulder girdle and inserts on the shoulder girdle

E – extrinsic (2): originate on the outside of the shoulder girdle (ex. sternum, ribs, vertebrae)

Shoulder Extension - 7 muscles

Sagittal plane, Frontal axis

Shoulder Flexion - 3 muscles

Horizontal Adduction - 3 muscles

Transverse plane, Sag. axis

Horizontal Abduction - 4 muscles

Adduction - 5 muscles

Frontal plane, Sag. axis

Abduction - 3 muscles

External Rotation - 3 muscles

Transverse plane, Longitudinal axis

Internal Rotation - 5 muscles

Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

Classification:	Ball and socket. Enarthrodial
Articulating bones:	(Glenoid fossa) Scapula and proximal head of humerus
Movements:	AB & AD, Flex & Ext, Internal rotation, external rotation

Increased mobility and decreased stability due to:

Very shallow glenoid fossa
Ligaments are lax
Lack of strength and endurance in stabilizing muscles (rot. cuff)

The rotator cuff is for stability and easily injured.

What bones serve as attachments for most muscles of the Shoulder joint?

Humerus

Clavicle

(Sternum)

(Vertebrae)

Scapula

Pairing of shoulder girdle and shoulder joint movements: The SJ and SG work together in carrying out UE movements. SG muscles provide essential ______ of the scapula, so the muscles of the SJ will have a stable base from which to move (eg tricep dips). The SG can also go through a more extreme ROM so that the ________ is in a more appropriate position from which the humerus can move (eg lateral side raise)

Shoulder Joint	Shoulder Girdle
Abduction	upward rotation/elevation
Adduction	Downward rotation
Flexion	Elevation/upward rotation
Extension	Depression/downward rotation
Internal Rotation	Abduction (protraction)
External Rotation	Adduction (retraction)
Horizontal Abduction	Adduction (retraction)
Horizontal Adduction	Abduction (protraction)

Shoulder Joint movement definitions:

Enarthrodial/ball and socket/multiaxial: permits movement in 3 planes

Abduction: upward lateral movement of the humerus, in the frontal plane (sagittal axis) out to the side, away from the body

Adduction: downward movement of the humerus in the frontal plane (sagittal axis) returns the body from abduction

Flexion: movement of the humerus straight anteriorly from any point in the sagittal plane (frontal axis)

Extension: movement of the humerus straight posterior from any point in the sag. plane (frontal axis)

Internal rotation: movement of the humerus in the transverse plane around its longitudinal axis toward the midline

External rotation: movement of the humerus laterally in the transverse plane around its longitudinal axis away from the midline

Horizontal abduction: movement of the humerus in a horizontal/transverse plane away from the chest (longitudinal axis)

Horizontal adduction: movement of the humerus in a horizontal/transverse plane towards the chest