Part I: Spa Foundations

Chapter One: Spa from Past to Present

Chapter Two: Spa Equipment and Products

Chapter Three: Client and Therapist Safety

Chapter Four: Your Spa Massage

Chapter Five: Foundation Skills for Spa Treatment Delivery

Chapter Six: Water Therapies

Chapter Seven: Introduction to Aromatherapy for Spa

Part II: Spa Treatments

Chapter Eight: Exfoliation Treatments

Chapter Nine: Body Wraps

Chapter Ten: Spa Foot Treatments

Chapter Eleven: Fangotherapy

Chapter Twelve: Thalassotherapy

Chapter Thirteen: Stone Massage

Chapter Fourteen: Culturally Based Spa Treatments

Part III: Your Spa Career

Chapter Fifteen: Treatment Design and Your Signature Spa Treatment

Chapter Sixteen: Your Spa Program and Menu of Services

Chapter Seventeen: You in the Spa Profession

Resources

Chapter 1: Spa from Past to Present

Accessed 2/23/21:

Chapter 2: Spa Equipment and Products

Accessed 2/24/21:

1. Michalun N, Michalun MV. Milady’s Skin Care and Cosmetic Ingredients

2. Milady’s Esthetician School Resources

3. Begoun P. Skin Myth Busters.

4. A Critical Analysis of Chromotherapy and its Effects

5. Johnson D. Psychology of Color: Do Colors Affect Mood?

6. Color Psychology. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/color-psychology.

7. Knight WE, Rickard NS. Relaxing music prevents stress-induced increases in subjective anxiety, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate in healthy males and females. J Music Ther . 2001;38(4):254–272.

8. Zakharova NN, Avdeev VM. Functional changes in the central nervous system during music perception (study of positive emotions) [in Russian]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova . 1982;32(5):915–924. http://www.pubmed.com. 

9. Krout RE. The effects of single-session music therapy interventions on the observed and self-reported levels of pain control, physical comfort, and relaxation of hospice patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Care . 2001;18(6):383–390.

10. Thorgaard B, et al. Specially selected music in the cardiac laboratory— an important tool for improvement of the wellbeing of patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs . 2004;3(1):21–26.

11. Uhlig T, Kallus KW. The brain: a psychoneuroimmunological approach. Curr Opin Anesthesiol . 2005;18(2):147–150.

12. Julkunen J, Ahlström R. Hostility, anger, and sense of coherence as predictors of health-related quality of life. J Psychosom Res . 2006; 61(1):33–39.

13. Human Behavioral and Physiological Responses to Sweet Orange Oil

Full Paper

14. Do Scents Affect People’s Mood or Work Performance

15. Fox K. The smell report. The Social Issues Research Center. http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell_contents.html. Accessed March 2005.

Chapter 3: Client and Therapist Safety

Accessed 2/24/21:

1. Todar K. Online Textbook of Bacteriology for Streptococcus pyogenes . http://textbookofbacteriology.net/streptococcus.html. Accessed September 23, 2006.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task force. http://www.cdc.gov. Accessed September 23, 2006.

3. Journal of the American Medical Association. HIV Infection: The Basics. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/7/892. Accessed September 23, 2006.

4. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Viral hepatitis: A through E and beyond. 

5. Werner R. A Massage Therapist’s Guide to Pathology . 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

6. Skin Barriers in Dermal Drug Delivery. Christian Gorzelanny, Christian Mess, Stefan W. Schneider, Volker Huck and Johanna M. Brandner

7. Shao Jun J, Young Koo K, Seung Hun L. The ultrastructural changes of stratum corneum lipids after application of oleic acid in propylene glycol. Ann Dermatol . 1998;10(3):153–158.

8. Kaplun-Frischoff Y, Touitou E. Testosterone skin permeation enhancement by menthol through formation of eutectic with drug and interaction with skin lipids. J Pharm Sci . 1997;86(12):1394–1399.

9. Kunta JR, et al. Effect of menthol and related terpenes on the percutaneous absorption of propranol across excised hairless mouse skin. J Pharm Sci . 1997;86(12):1369–1373.

10. Dreher F, Maibach H. Protective effects of topical antioxidants in humans [abstract]. Medline Abstracts; 2001. http://www.medscape.com. Accessed July 9, 2004.

11. Vitamin E in Dermatology. Mohammad Abid Keen and Iffat Hassan

12. Vitamin E in human skin: organ-specific physiology and considerations for its use in dermatology. Jens J Thiele 1Swarna Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage

13. Biological and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds: potential uses in cosmetic dermatology Zih-Rou Huang 1Yin-Ku LinJia-You Fang

14. American Diabetes Association. All about diabetes. http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp. Accessed December 29, 2007.

15. Wible, JM. Pharmacology for Massage Therapy . Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

Chapter 4: Your Spa Massage

Accessed 2/24/21:

Chapter 6: Water Therapies

1. Stedman’s Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing . 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005

2. Lund JW. Balneological Use of Thermal Waters in the USA . Klamath Falls, OR: Geo Heat Center; 2000.

3. Aaland M. Sweat: The Illustrated History and Description of the Finnish Sauna, Russian Bania, Islamic Hammam, Japanese Musi-Buro, Mexican Temescal, and American Indian and Eskimo Sweat Lodge . Santa Barbara, CA: CAPRA Press; 1978.

4. Buchman DD. The Complete Book of Water Healing . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2002.

5. Kneipp S. My Water-Cure . 3rd ed. Kempten, Bavaria: Jos. Koesel Publishers; 1984.

6. Sinclair M. Modern Hydrotherapy for the Massage Therapist . Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.

7. Lowry C, Lightman S, Nutt D. That warm fuzzy feeling: brain serotonergic neurons and the regulation of emotion. J Psychopharmacol .

2008;23(4):392–400.

8. Mechem C. Frostbite. http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2815.htm. Accessed January 2007.

9. Small MF. Hit the beach: why humans love water. LiveScience. http://www.livescience.com/7342-hit-beach-humans-love-water.html. Accessed February 9, 2009.

10. Fahey T, Romero J. Thermal modalities. http://www.sportscience.org/encyc/drafts/thermal-modalities.doc. Accessed February 2009.

11. Ma’or Z, Yehuda S, Voss W. Skin smoothing effects of Dead Sea minerals: comparative profi lometric evaluation of skin surface. Int J Cosmet Sci . 1997;19:105–110.

12. Proksch E, et al. Bathing in a magnesium-rich Dead Sea salt solution improves skin barrier function, enhances skin hydration, and reduces inflammation in atopic dry skin. Int J Dermatol . 2005;44(2):151–157.

13. Elkayam O, et al. Immediate and delayed effects of treatment at the Dead Sea in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatol Int . 2000;19(3):77–82.

14. Sukenik S, et al. Balneotherapy at the Dead Sea area for knee osteoarthritis. Isr Med Assoc J . 1999;1(2):83–85.

15. Sukenik S, et al. Balneotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis at the Dead Sea. Isr J Med Sci . 1995;31(4):210–214.

16. Buskila D, et al. Balneotherapy for fi bromyalgia at the Dead Sea. Rheumatol Int . 2001;20(3):105–108.

17. Masuda A, Munemoto T, Tei C. A new treatment: thermal therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome [in Japanese]. Nihon Rinsho . 2007;65(6):1093–1098.

18. Fransen M, et al. Physical activity for osteoarthritis management: a randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating hydrotherapy or Tai Chi classes. Arthritis Rheum . 2007;57(3):407–414.

Chapter 7: Introduction to Aromatherapy for the Spa

1. National Association of Holistic Aromatherapy. http://www.naha.org. Accessed August 8, 2004.

2. Schnaubelt K. Advanced Aromatherapy: The Science of Essential Oil Therapy . Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press; 1997.

3. Irvine SA. Perfume: The Creation and Allure and Classic Fragrances . New York, NY: Crescent Books; 1997.

4. Okabe H, et al. Effect of limonene and related compounds on the percutaneous absorption of indomethacin. Drug Des Deliv . 1989;4(4):313–321.

5. Ceschel GC, et al. In vitro permeation through porcine buccal mucosa of Salvia desoleana Atzei and Picci essential oil from topical formulation. Int J Pharm . 2000;195(1–2):171–177.

6. Price S, Price L. Aromatherapy for Health Professionals . 2nd ed. London, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.

7. Battaglia S. The Complete Guide to Aromatherapy . Virginia, Australia: The Perfect Potion, Ltd.; 1997.

8. Valnet J. The Practice of Aromatherapy . Saffron Walden, United Kingdom: C.W. Daniel; 1982.

9. Gattefossé RM. Gattefossé’s Aromatherapy . Tisserand RB, trans. Saffron Walden, United Kingdom: C.W. Daniel; 1993.

10. Achterrath-Tuckerman U, et al. Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile. V. Investigations on the spasmolytic effect of compounds of chamomile and Kamillosan on the isolated guinea pig ileum [in German]. Planta Med . 1980;39:38–50.

11. Roulier G. Les Huiles Essentielles Pour Votre Santé . St-Jean-de-Braye, France: Dangles; 1990.

12. Eremenko AE, et al. Volatile fractions of essential oil-based phytoncides as a component of therapeutic-rehabilitative complexes in chronic bronchitis [in Russian]. Ter Arkh . 1987;59(3):126–130.

13. Boyd EM, Sheppard EP. The effect of steam inhalation of volatile oils on the output and composition of respiratory tract fl uid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 1968;163(1):250–256.

14. Hiramoto RN, et al. Conditioning fever: a host defense reflex response. Life Sci . 1991;49:93–99.

15. Miles C, Jenkins R. Recency and suffi x effects with serial recall of odours. Memory . 2000;8(3):195–205.

16. Macht DI, Ting GC. Experimental enquiry into the sedative properties of some aromatic drugs and fumes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther . 1921;18:361–372.

17. Schnaubelt K . Medical Aromatherapy: Healing with Essential Oils . Berkley, CA: Frog Ltd.; 1999.

18. Redd WH, et al. Fragrance administration to reduce anxiety during MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging . 1994;4(4):623–626.

19. Sense of Smell Institute. Living well with the sense of smell. http:// www.senseofsmell.org. Accessed April 10, 2004.

20. Nasel C, et al. Functional imagining of effects of fragrances on the human brain after prolonged inhalation. Chem Senses . 1994;19(4):359–364.

21. Barker S, et al. Improved performance on clerical tasks associated with administration of peppermint odor. Percept Mot Skills . 2003; 97(3, pt 1):1007–1010.

22. Fox K. The smell report. The Social Issues Research Centre. http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell_contents.html. Accessed April 10, 2004.

23. Frawley D, Ranade S, Lele A. Ayurveda and Marma Therapy: Energy Points in Yogic Healing . Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press; 2003.

Chapter 8: Exfoliation Treatments

1. Ma’or Z, Yehuda S, Voss W. Skin smoothing effects of Dead Sea minerals: comparative profi lometric evaluation of skin surface. Int J Cosmet Sci . 1997;19:105–110.

2. The Crushed Pearl and Lavender Polish. Four Seasons Hotel and Spa. http://www.fourseasons.com. Accessed May 25, 2005.

3. The Alpine Berry Body Polish. Ritz-Carlton Hotel and Spa. http://www.ritzcarlton.com. Accessed May 25, 2005.

4. The Sugar Sand Polish and Magnolia Massage. Beau Rivage Spa. http://www.beaurivage.com. Accessed May 25, 2005.

5. The Avocado and Black Sand Body Polish. Samasati Spa. http://www.samasati.com. Accessed May 25, 2005.

6. Ullrich SE, Kripke ML, Ananthaswamy HN. Mechanisms underlying UV-induced immune suppression: implications for sunscreen design. Exp Dermatol . 2002;11(suppl 1):13–16.

7. Wang SQ, et al. Ultraviolet A and melanoma: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol . 2001;44(5)837–846.

8. Krutmann J. Ultraviolet A radiation-induced biological effects in human skin: relevance for photoaging and photodermatosis. J Dermatol Sci . 2000;23(suppl 1):S22–S26.

9. Kunin A. Sunless tanners. Derma Doctor. http://www.dermadoctor.com/pages/newsletter239.asp?WID=57BA13B88D0-C4E8-4E24. Accessed April 10, 2004.

10. Kellogg JH. Rational Hydrotherapy . 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis; 1903.

Chapter 9: Body Wraps

1. Conney AH, et al. Inhibitory effects of tea and caffeine on UV-induced carcinogenesis: relationship to enhanced apoptosis and decreased tissue fat. Eur J Cancer Prev . 2002;11(suppl 2):S28–S36.

2. Syed TA, et al. Management of psoriasis with aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health . 1996;1(4):505–509.

3. Draclos ZD. Topical vitamins for the skin. http://www.olay.com/dematology/arch_topical_vitamins.htm. Accessed May 29, 2005.

4. Raschke T, et al. Topical activity of ascorbic acid: from in vitro optimization to in vivo effi ciency. Skin Pharmacol Physiol . 2004;17(4): 200–206.

5. Double Eagle Resort and Spa. http://www.doubleeagleresort.com. Accessed August 29, 2004.

6. Sonnenalp Resort of Vail. http://www.sonnenalp.com/activities/spa/treatments.html. Accessed August 29, 2004.

7. St. Andrews Bay Chateau Elan Spa. http://www.standrewsbay.com/Spa/treatments.htm. Accessed August 29, 2004.

8. Grand Geneva Resort and Spa. http://www.grandgeneva.com/recreation/spa/spa_treatments.asp. Accessed August 29, 2004.

9. Lake House Spa. Lake Austin Resort. http://www.lakeaustin.com/lakehousespa.php. Accessed August 29, 2004.

10. Lake Tahoe Resort, Spa and Casino. http://www.laketahoe.hyatt.com/property/sportsrelax/spa/body_treatment.jhtml. Accessed August 29, 2004.

Chapter 10: Spa Foot Treatments

1. The general causes of foot pain. University of Maryland Medical Center. http://www.umm.edu. Accessed October 10, 2005.

2. Heart JA. Foot pain and shoe size. http://www.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed May 30, 2005.

3. Getting nailed, An ABC News 20/20 Presentation. http://www.spatrade.com. Accessed September 29, 2004.

4. Ingham ED. Stories the Feet Can Tell thru Reflexology/Stories the Feet Have Told thru Reflexology . Revised by Byers DC. St. Petersburg, FL: Ingham Publications; 1992.

5. International Institute of Refl exology. http://www.refl exology-usa.net. Accessed October 5, 2004.

Chapter 11: Fangotherapy

1. Lund JW. Balneological Use of Thermal Waters in the USA . Klamath Falls, OR: Geo Heat Center; 2000.

2. Bergel RR. The biology and physics of peloids. Dermascope . 2000.

3. Lund JW. Geothermal spas in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. GHC Bulletin . 2000; 35–37.

4. Ekmekcioglu C, et al. Effect of sulfur baths on antioxidative defense systems, peroxide concentrations and lipid levels in patients with degenerative osteoarthritis [in German]. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd . 2002;11:216–220.

5. Elkayam O, et al. Immediate and delayed effects of treatment at the Dead Sea in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatol Int . 2000;19(3):77–82.

6. Sukenik S, et al. Mud pack therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol . 1992;11(2):243–247.

7. Carpio-Obeso MP, Shorr M, Valdez-Salas B. Desert ecosystems: similarities, characteristics, and health benefi ts. Rev Environ Health . 1999;14(4):257–267.

8. Kimmerer RW. Gathering Moss: A Natural and Cultural History of Mosses . Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press; 2003.

9. Beer AM, Lukanov J, Sagorchev P. A new view on quality controlled application of peat in medical treatment. Peatlands International . 2003;1:25–28.

10. Comacchi C, Hercogova J. A single mud treatment induces normalization of stratum corneum hydration, transepidermal water loss, skin surface pH and sebum content in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol . 2004;18(3): 372–374.

11. Carabelli A, et al. Effect of thermal mud baths on normal, dry and seborrheic skin [in Italian]. Clin Ter . 1998;149(4):271–275. http://www.pubmed.com. Accessed May 2005

12. Pizzoferrato A, et al. Beta-endorphin and stress hormones in patients affected by osteoarthritis undergoing thermal mud therapy [in Italian]. Minerva Med . 2000;91(10):239–245.

13. Grigor’eva VD, Orus-ool VK, Fedorova NE. Low-temperature peloids in rehabilitating osteoarthritis patients [in Russian]. Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult . 2001;(5):8–11.

14. Bellometti S, et al. Both serum receptors of tumor necrosis factor are infl uenced by mudpack treatment in osteoarthrotic patients. Int J Tissue React . 2002;24(2):57–64.

15. Bellometti S, et al. Mud bath therapy infl uences nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase and glutathione peroxidase serum levels in arthritic patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res . 2000;20(3–4):69–80.

16. Beer AM, et al. The effect of peat components on endocrine and immunological parameters and on trace elements—results of two pilot studies. Clin Lab . 2001;47(3–4):161–167.

17. Poensin D, et al. Effects of mud pack treatment on skin microcirculation. Joint Bone Spine . 2003;70(5):367–370.

18. Werner R. A Massage Therapist’s Guide to Pathology . 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.

Chapter 12: Thalassotherapy

1. Burtin P. Nutritional value of seaweeds. Elec J Environ Agric Food Chem . 2003;2(4):6.

2. Ivanova V, et al. Isolation of a polysaccharide with antiviral effects from Ulva lactuca . Prep Biochem . 1994;24(2):83–97.

3. Awad NE. Biologically active steroid from the green alga Ulva lactuca . Phytother Res . 2000;14(8):641–643.

4. Dweck AC. Herbal Medicine for the Skin. Their chemistry and effects on skin and mucous membrane. http://www.dweckdata.com. Accessed November 14, 2003.

5. Dasgupta T, et al. Chemomodulation of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant profiles and skin and for stomach papillomagenesis by Spirulina platensis . Mol Cell Biochem . 2001;226(1–2):27–38.

6. Blinkova LP, Gorobets OB, Baturo AP. Biological activity of Spirulina [in Russian]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol . 2001;2:114–118.

7. Rodríguez-Hernández A, et al. Spirulina maxima prevents fatty liver formation in CD-1 male and female mice with experimental diabetes. Life Sci . 2001;69(9):1029–1237.

8. Gorban’ EM, et al. Clinical and experimental study of spirulina efficacy in chronic diffuse liver diseases [in Ukrainian]. Lik Sprava . 2000;(6):89–93.

9. Chamorro G, et al. Update on the pharmacology of Spirulina (Arthrospira), an unconventional food [in Spanish]. Arch Latinoam Nutr . 2002;52(3):232–240.

10. Hernández-Corona A, et al. Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2. Antiviral Res . 2002;56(3):279–285.

11. Remirez D, Ledón N, González R. Role of histamine in the inhibitory effects of phycocyanin in experimental models of allergic inflammatory response. Mediators Inflamm . 2002;11(2):81–85.

12. Remirez D, et al. Inhibitory effects of Spirulina in zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Mediators Infl amm. 2002;11(2):75–79.

13. Kaji T, et al. Repair of wounded monolayers of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells is inhibited by calcium spirulan, a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from Spirulina platensis. Life Sci . 2002;70(16):1841–1848.

14. Hirahashi T, et al. Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. Int Immunopharmacol . 2002;2(4):423–434.

15. Parikh P, Mani U, Iyer U. Role of Spirulina in the control of glycemia and lipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Food . 2001;4(4):193–199.

16. Paredes-Carbajal MC, et al. Effects of dietary Spirulina maxima on endothelium dependent vasomotor responses of rat aortic rings. Life Sci . 1997;61(15):211–219.

17. Iwata K, Inayama T, Kato T. Effects of Spirulina platensis on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-induced hyperlipidemic rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) . 1990;36:165–171.

18. Kuznetsova TA, et al. Immunostimulating and anticoagulating activity of fucoidan from brown algae Fucus evanescens of Okhotskoe sea [in Russian]. Antibiot Khimioter . 2003;48(4):11–13.

19. Limová M. Evaluation of two calcium alginate dressings in the management of venous ulcers. Ostomy Wound Manage . 2003;49(9):26–33.

20. Elliott WJ, Prisant LM. Drug delivery systems for antihypertensive agents. Blood Press Monit . 1997;2(1):53–60.

21. Tajima S, et al. Alginate oligosaccharides modulate cell morphology, cell proliferation and collagen expression in human skin fi broblasts in vitro. Arch Dermatol Res . 1999;291(7–8):432–436.

22. Zhu W, et al. Isolation and characterization of a sulfated polysaccharide from the brown alga Sargassum patens and determination of its anti-herpes activity. Biochem Cell Biol . 2003;81(1):25–33.

23. Mohapatra BR, Bapuji M, Sree A. Antifungal effi cacy of bacteria isolated from marine sedentary organisms. Folia Microbiol . 2002;47(1):51–55.

24. Wong CK, Ooi VE, Ang PO. Protective effects of seaweeds against liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Chemosphere . 2000;41(1–2):173–176.

25. Yan X, Nagata T, Fan X. Antioxidative activities in some common seaweeds. Plant Foods Hum Nutr . 1998;52(3):253–262.

26. Economic Appraisal of Seaweed. http://www.w-isles.gov.uk/minch/seaweed/seaweed-04.htm. Accessed November 15, 2003.

27. Michalun N, Michalun MV. Milady’s Skin Care and Cosmetic Ingredients Dictionary . 2nd ed. Albany, NY: Milady Publishing; 2001.

28. Kubo I, et al. Antibacterial activity of crinitol and its potentiation. J Nat Prod . 1992;55(6):780–785.

29. Fujimura T, et al. Treatment of human skin with an extract of Fucus vesiculosus changes its thickness and mechanical properties. J Cosmet Sci . 2002;53(1):1–9.

30. Fujimura T, et al. Effects of natural product extracts on contraction and mechanical properties of fi broblast populated collagen gel. Biol Pharm Bull . 2000;23(3):291–297.

31. Mearns-Spragg A, et al. Cross-species induction and enhancement of antimicrobial activity produced by epibiotic bacterial from marine algae and invertebrates, after exposure to terrestrial bacteria. Lett Appl Microbiol . 1998;27(3):142–146.

32. Kuznetsova TA, et al. Immunostimulating and anticoagulating activity of fucoidan from brown algae [in Russian]. Antibiot Khimioter . 2003;48(4):11–13.

33. Berteau O, et al. Characterization of a new alpha-L-fucosidase isolated from the marine mollusk Pecten maximus that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-L-fucose from algal fucoidan (Ascophyllum nodosum). Glycobiology . 2002;12(4):273–282.

34. Fodil-Bourahla I, et al. Effect of L-fucose and fucose-rich oligo- and polysaccharides (FROP-s) on skin aging: penetration, skin tissue production and fibrillogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother . 2003;57(5–6):209–215.

35. Peterszegi G, et al. Studies on skin aging. Preparation and properties of fucose-rich oligo- and polysaccharides. Effect on fi broblast proliferation and survival. Biomed Pharmacother . 2003;57(5–6):187–194.

36. IMPAG. Active algae ingredients: out of the biosphere reserve into cosmetics. IMPAG News . http://www.impag.de. Accessed November 15, 2003.

37. Miller ET. SalonOvations’ Day Spa Techniques . Albany, NY: Milady Publishing; 1996.

38. Matsui MS, et al. Sulfated polysaccharides from red microalgae have anti-infl ammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. Appl Biochem Biotechnol . 2003;104(1):13–22.

39. Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D. Breast size, handedness and breast cancer risk. Eur J Cancer . 1991;27(2):131–135.

40. Singer RS, Grismaijer S. Dressed to Kill: The Link Between Breast Cancer and Bras . New York, NY: Avery Publishing Group; 1995.

41. Curties D. Breast Massage . New Brunswick, Canada: Curies-Overzet Publications; 1999.

Chapter 14: Culturally Based Spa Treatments

1. Wujastyk D. The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings . London, United Kingdom: Penguin Books; 2003.

2. Warrier G, Gunawant D. The Complete Illustrated Guide to Ayurveda: The Ancient Indian Healing Tradition . Dorset, United Kingdom: Element Books; 1997.

3. Frawley D, Ranade S. Ayurveda, Nature’s Medicine . Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press; 2001.

4. Frawley D, Ranade S, Lele A. Ayurveda and Marma Therapy . Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press; 2003.

5. Johari H. Ancient Indian Massage: Traditional Massage Techniques Based on the Ayurveda . New Delhi, India: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.; 2003.

6. Morrison J. The Book of Ayurveda . New York, NY: Fireside Books; 1995

Chapter 16: Treatment Design and Your Signature Spa Treatment

1. Mii amo, a Destination Spa at Enchantment Resort. http://www.miiamo.com. Accessed February 10, 2004.

2. Warne S. Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe. The Bradt Travel Guides . Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom: Bradt Publications; 2003.

3. Ackerman D. A Natural History of the Senses . New York, NY: Vintage Books; 1995.

4. Pert C. Molecules of Emotion: The Science Behind Mind-Body Medicine . New York, NY: Touchstone Books; 1999.

5. Nichols B. Down the Garden Path . Cambridge, United Kingdom: Timber Press; 2005.

6. Michalun N, Michalun MV. Skin Care and Cosmetic Ingredients Dictionary. 2nd ed. Albany, NY: Milady Publishing; 2001.

7. The Golden Door Spa. http://www.thegoldendoor.com. Accessed February 10, 2004.

8. Modalities for Massage Therapy by Elaine Stillerman