Book 6: Treating of the muscles and bones, and the other extreme parts of the body.
Table of Contents
The Preface
I. Of the bones of the face
II. Of the teeth.
III. Of the broad muscle
IV. Of the eyelids and eyebrows
V. Of the eyes
VI. Of the muscles, coats, and humors of the eye.
VII. Of the Nose
VIII. Of the muscles of the Face.
IX. Of the muscles of the Lower Jaw.
X. Of the Ears and Parotides or Kernels of the Ears.
XI. Of the hyoid bone and the muscles thereof
XII. Of the Tongue
XIII. Of the Mouth.
XIV. Of the Gargareon, or Uvula.
XV. Of the Larynx or throttle.
XVI. Of the Neck and the Parts Thereof.
XVII. Of the muscles of the Neck.
XVIII. Of the muscles of the chest and Loins.
XIX. Of the muscles of the Shoulder-Blade.
XX. The Description of the Hand Taken in General.
XXI. The Distribution of the Subclavian Vein, And First Of the Cephalica, or Humeraria.
XXII. The Description of the Axillary Vein.
XXIII. The Distribution of the Axillary Artery.
XXIV. Of the nerves of the Neck, Back, and Arm.
XXV. The Description of the bone of the arm, and the muscles which move it.
XXVI. The Description of the bones of the cubit and the muscles moving Them.
XXVII. The Description of the bones of the Wrist, Afterwrist, and Fingers
XXVIII. Of The muscles Which Seated In The cubit Move The Wand And With It The hand.
XXIX. Of The muscles Of The Inside Of The hand.
XXX. A Description Of The Leg Taken In General.
XXXI. A Description Of The Crural Vein.
XXXII. The Distribution Of The Crural Artery.
XXXIII. Of The nerves Of The Loins, Holy-bone, And thigh
XXXIV. Of The Proper Parts Of The thigh
XXXV. Of the muscles moving the thigh.
XXXVI. Of the bones of the leg, or shank.
XXXVII. Of The muscles Of The Legs.
XXXVIII. Of The bones Of The Foot.
XXXIX. Of The muscles Moving The Foot.
XL. Of The muscles Moving The toes Of The Feet.
XLI. An Epitome Or Brief Recital Of The bones In A Man’s Body.
XLII. An Epitome Of The Names And Kinds Of Composure Of The bones.
The Preface
Peradventure some may wonder if I have ended my fifth book of anatomy before I have fully described all the parts of the head, the which seemed as it were only appointed for that purpose. Therefore I must yield a reason of this my intention. I have a desire in one treatise and in one breath to prosecute the anatomy of the muscles. Wherefore because the parts of the head not yet described principally consist of the muscles, therefore I desired to comprehend them together with this same description of the extreme parts of the body, beginning at the upper part of the face, to wit, the eyes: but having first described the bones of the face, without the knowledge of which it is impossible to show the origin and insertion of the muscles. We have formerly noted that by the face is meant whatsoever lies from the eyebrows even to the chin. In which there is such admirable industry of nature, that of the infinite multitude of men you cannot find two so alike, but that they may be distinguished by some unlikeness in their faces; also it has adorned this part with such exquisite beauty, that many have died by longing to enjoy the beauty desired by them. This same face albeit it little exceeds half a foot, yet it indicates and plainly intimates by the sudden changes thereof, what affections and passions of hope, fear, sorrow and delight possess our minds; and what state our bodies are in, sound, sick or neither. Wherefore seeing the face is of so much moment, let us return to the anatomical description thereof, which that we may easily and plainly perform we will begin with the bones thereof, whereby, as we formerly said, the origin and insertion of the muscles may be more certain and manifest to us.
I. Of the bones of the face
The bones of the face are 16 or 17 in number. And first, there be reckoned 6 about the orbs of the eyes, that is 3 to each orb, of which one is the bigger, another lesser, and the third between both; each of these touch the forehead bone in their upper part. Besides, the greater is joined with a suture to the process of the stony bone, and so makes the Zygoma, that is, the jugal bone or yoke bone, framed by nature for preservation of the temporal muscle. The lesser is seated at the greater corner of the eye, in which there is a hole perforated to the nose, and in this is the glandule in which the Aegylops does breed. The middle is in the bottom, or inner part of the orb, very slender and as it were, of a membranous thinness: then follow the two bones of the nose which are joined to the forehead bone by a suture, but on the fore side between themselves by harmony. But on the back or hind part, with two other bones, on each side one, which descending from the bone of the forehead (to which also they are joined by a suture) receive all the teeth. These two in Galen’s opinion are seldom found separated. But these are the thickest of all the bones of the face hitherto mentioned, knit by a suture with the greatest bone of the orb, on the back part with the wedge-bone, on the inner side with the two little inner bones of the palate, which on the inside make the extremity thereof, whereby it comes to pass, that we may call these bones the hinder, or inner bones of the palate. They reckon one of these bones the 11th and the other the 12th bone of the head; these two little bones on their sides next to the winged productions of the wedge-bone receive on each side one of the nerves of the fourth conjugation, which in the former book, we said were spent upon the membrane of the palate.
And in Galen’s opinion, there are two more in the lower jaw, joined at the middle of the chin. Although some think it but one bone because by the judgment of sense, there appears no division or separation therein. But you may see in children how true this their suppositio is, for in men of perfect growth, it appears but one bone; these two are reckoned for the 13th and 14th bones. Now these two bones making the lower jaw, have in their back part on each side two productions as they lie to the upper jaw, the one of which represents the point of a sword, and is called the corona. The other is obtuse and round, which is inserted into the cavity seated at the root of the process of the stony bone, near to the passage of the ear.
This may be strained to the fore part by violent gaping, by retraction of the muscles arising from the wing-like processes, and ending at the lower angles of the broader part of the same jaw.
This jaw is hollow as also the upper, especially in the back part, being filled with a white and glutinous humor conducing to the growth of the teeth. This humor has its matter from the blood brought thither by the vessels, veins, arteries and nerves from the third conjugation entering in here by a passage large enough. Whereby it comes to pass that this part is not only nourished and lives, but also the teeth receive sense by the benefit of the nerves entering thither with the vein and artery by small holes to be seen at the lower roots of the teeth, and thence it is that a beating pain may be perceived in the toothache, because the defluxion may be by the arteries, or rather because the humor flowing to the roots of the teeth may press the artery in that place. Beside also, you may see some appearance of a nervous substance in the root of a tooth newly plucked out.
But also, you must consider that this jaw from its inner capacity produces at the sides of the chin two nerves of a sufficient magnitude over against the lower dog-teeth and the first of the smaller grinding teeth, as I have noted in the description of the nerves of the third conjugation. I have thought good to put thee in mind of these, that when thou shalt have occasion to make incision in these places, thou may warily and indiscreetly handle the matter that these parts receive no harm.
There remains another bone seated above the palate, from which the gristlely partition of the nose arises, being omitted of all the Anatomists, for as much as I know. Now therefore that you may the better remember the number of the bones of the face, I will here make a repetition of them.
There are six of the orbs of the eyes, at each three. The seventh and eighth we may call the nasal, or nose bones. The ninth and tenth are the Jaw-bones. The eleventh and twelfth are called the inner bones of the palate. The thirteenth and fourteenth are the bones of the lower jaw. The partition of the nose may be reckoned the fifteenth.
Now it remains having spoken of these bones, that we treat of the teeth, the eyebrows, the skin, the fleshy pannicle, the muscles, and lastly the other parts of the face.
II. Of the teeth.
The teeth are of the number of the bones, and those which have the most have thirty two, that is, sixteen above, and so many below; of which in the forepart of the mouth there are four above and as many beneath, which are called incisors, cutting or shearing teeth, to cut insunder the meat, and they have but one root. To these are joined two in each jaw, that is, on each side of the other one, which are called Canini dentes, Dog’s-teeth, because they are sharp and strong like dog’s teeth; these also have but one root, but that is far longer than the other have.
Then follow the molars or grinders, on each side five, that is ten above and as many below that they may grind, chew, and break the meat that so it may be the sooner concocted in the stomach for so they vulgarly think that meat well chawed is half concocted. Those grinders which are fastened in the upper jaw, have most commonly three routes and often times four. But these, which are fastened in the lower, have only two roots and sometimes three, because this lower jaw is harder than the upper, so that it cannot be so easily hollowed or else because these teeth being fixed and firmly seated needed not so many stays as the upper which as it were, hanging out of their seats. The shearing teeth cut the meat because they are broad and sharp. The dog teeth break it because they are sharp, pointed and firm. But the grinders being hard, broad and sharp chaw and grind it asunder. But if the grinders had been smooth, they could not fitly have performed their duty. For all things are chawed and broken asunder more easily by that which is rough and unequal.
Wherefore they sharpen their millstones when they are smoother than they should be by picking them with a sharp iron. The teeth are fastened in the jaws by Gomphosis, that is, as a stake or nail, so are they fixed into the holes of their jaws; for they adhere so firmly thereto in some, that when they are plucked out, part thereof follows together with the tooth, which I have often observed to have been also with great effusion of blood. This adhesion of the teeth fastened in their jaws is besides strengthened with a ligament, which applies itself to their roots together with the nerve and vessels. The teeth differ from other bones, because they have action whilst they chew the meat, because being lost they may be regenerated, and for that they grow as long as the party lives, for otherwise by the continual use of chewing, they would be worn and wasted away by one another. You may perceive this by any that have lost one of their teeth, for that which is opposite to it, becomes longer than the rest because it is not worn by its opposite. Besides, also, they are more hard and solid than the rest of the bones, and endowed with a quick sense by reason of the nerves of the third conjugation which insert themselves into their roots, for if you rub or grind a tooth newly plucked out, you may see the remains of the nerve; they have such quick sense, that with the tongue they might judge of tastes. But how feel the teeth, seeing they may be filed without pain? Fallopius answers, that the teeth feel not in their upper or exterior part, but only by a membrane which they have within. And the teeth have another use, especially the fore-teeth, which is, they serve for distinct and articulate pronunciation; for those that want them falter in speaking, as also such as have them too short, or too long, or ill ranked. Besides, children speak not distinctly before they have their fore-teeth. And you must note that the infant, as yet shut up in its mother’s womb has solid and bony teeth, which you may perceive by dissecting it presently after it is born.
But even as there are two large cavities in the forehead bone at the eyebrows, filled with a viscous humor, serving for the smelling; and in like manner, the air shut up in the mammillary processes is for hearing; so in the jaws there are two cavities furnished with a viscous humor for the nourishment of the teeth.
III. Of the Broad Muscle
Now we should prosecute the containing parts of the face, to wit, the skin, the fleshy pannicle and fat; but because they have been spoken of sufficiently before, I will only describe the fleshy pannicle, before I come to the dissection of the eye, that we may the more easily understand all the motions performed by it, whether in the face or forehead.
First, that you may more easily see it, you must curiously separate the skin in some part of the face. For unless you take good heed, you will pluck away the fleshy pannicle together with the skin, as also this broad muscle to which it immediately adheres, and in some places so closely and firmly, as in the lips, eye-lids and the whole forehead, that it cannot be separated from it. Nature has given motion, or a moving force to this broad muscle, that whilst it extends, or contracts itself, it might serve to shut and open the eye. It will be convenient to separate the muscle thus freed from the skin, beginning from the forepart of the clavicles even to the chin, ascending in a right line, and then turning back as far as you can; for thus you shall show how it mixes itself with the skin and the muscles of the lips.
When thou shalt come to the eyes, thou shalt teach how the eye is shut and opened by this one muscle, because it is composed of the three sorts of fibers; although by the opinion of all who have hitherto written of anatomy, those actions are said to be performed by the power of two muscles appointed for that purpose; one of which is at the greater corner on the upper part, the other resembling a semicircle at the lesser corner, from whence extending itself to the middle of the gristle Tarsus, it meets with the former ending there, but they are in part extended over all the eyelid, whereby it comes to pass that it also in some sort becomes moveable. But although in public dissections these two muscles are commonly wont to be solemnly showed, after the manner I have related; yet I think, that those which show them know no more of them than I do. I have grounded my opinion from this, that there appears no other musculous flesh in these places, to those which separate the fleshy pannicle, or broad muscle, than that which is of the panicle itself, whether you draw your incision knife from the forehead downwards, or from the cheek upwards.
Besides when there is occasion to make incision on the eyebrows, we are forbidden to do it transverse, least this broad muscle falling upon the eye make the upper eyelid unmoveable: but if such a cut be received accidentally, we are commanded presently to stitch it up; which is a great argument that the motion of the upper eyelid is not performed by its proper muscles, but wholly depends and is performed by the broad muscle. Now if these same proper muscles which we have described should be in the upper eyelid, it should be meet, (because when one of the muscles is in action, the other which is its opposite or Antagonist, rests or keeps holiday) that when that which is said to open the eye is employed, the opposite thereof resting, the upper eyelid should be drawn towards its origin, as we see it happens in convulsions: because the operation of a muscle is the collection of the part which it moves towards its origin.
Therefore seeing such a motion or collection appears not anywhere in the eyelid, I think it therefore manifest that all the motion of this upper eyelid depends upon this broad muscle, and that it alone is the author of the motion thereof.
The origin of this broad muscle is from the upper part of the sternum, the clavicles, the shoulder blades, and all the spines of the vertebrae of the neck: but it is inserted into all these parts of the head which want hair, and the whole face, having diverse fibers from so various an origin. by benefit of which it performs such manifold motions in the face (for it so spreads itself over the face, that it covers it like a vizard) by reason of the variety of the origin and the production of the divers fibers of this muscle. But I have not in the description of this muscle prosecuted those nine conditions, which in the first book of my anatomy I required in every part, because I may seem to have sufficiently declared them in the description of the muscles of the Epigastrium. Wherefore hence forward you must expect nothing from me in the description of muscles besides their origin, insertion, action, composition, and the designation of their vessels.
IV. Of the eyelids and eyebrows
Because we have fallen into mention of the eyelids and eyebrows, and because the order of dissection also requires it, we must tell you what they are, of what they consist, and how and for what use they were framed by nature. Therefore the eyebrows are nothing else than a row of hairs set in a semicircular form upon the upper part of the orb of the eye, from the greater to the lesser corner thereof, to serve for an ornament of the body and a defense of the eyes against the acrimony of the sweat falling from the forehead.
But the eyelids on each side two, one above and another below, are nothing else than as it were certain shuttings appointed and made to close and open the eyes when need requires, and to contain them in their orbs. Their composure is of a musculous skin, a gristle and hairs set like a pale at the sides of them to preserve the eyes when they are open, chiefly against the injuries of small bodies, as motes, dust and such like. These hairs are always of equal and like size, implanted at the edges of the gristly part, that they might always stand straight and stiff out. They are not thick, for so they should darken the eye. The gristle in which they are fastened is encompassed with the pericranium stretched so far before it produce the Conjunctiva. It was placed there, that when any part thereof should be drawn upwards or downwards by the force of the broad muscle or of the two proper muscles, it might follow, entirely and wholly by reason of its hardness. They call this same gristle, especially the upper, Tarsus. The upper and lower eyelid differ in nothing, but that the upper has a more manifest motion, and the lower a more obscure; for otherwise nature should have in vain encompassed it with a musculous substance.
V. Of the eyes
The eyes are the instruments of the faculty of seeing, brought thither by the visive spirit of the optic nerves, as in an aqua duct. They are of a soft substance, of a large quantity, being bigger or lesser according to the size of the body. They are seated in the head, that they might overlook the rest of the body, to perceive and shun such things as might endanger, or endamage the body; for the action of the eyes is most quick, as that which is performed in a moment, which is granted to none of the other senses. Wherefore this is the most excellent sense of them all. For by this we behold the fabric and beauty of the heavens and earth, distinguish the infinite varieties of colors, we perceive and know the magnitude, figure, number, proportion, site, motion and rest of all bodies. The eyes have a pyramidal figure whose basis is without, but the cone or point within at the optic nerves. Nature would have them contained in a hollow circle, that so by the profundity and solidity of the place they might be free from the incursions of bruising and hurtful things.
They are composed of six muscles, five coats, three humors, and a most bright spirit (of which there is a perpetual afflux from the brain) two nerves, a double vein, and one artery, besides much fat, and lastly a glandule seated at the greater angle thereof, upon that large hole which on both sides goes to the nose, and that, lest that the humors falling from the brain should flow by the nose into the eyes, as we see it fares with those whose eyes perpetually weep, or water, by reason of the eating away of this glandule, whence that affect is called, the Fistula lachrymalis, or weeping fistula.
But there is much fat put between the muscles of the eyes, partly that the motion of the eyes might be more quick, in that slipperiness of the fat, is also that the temper and complexion of the eyes, and chiefly of their nervous parts, might be more constant and lasting, which otherwise, by their continual and perpetual motion would be subject to excessive dryness. For nature, for the same reason has placed glandules flowing with a certain moisture, near those parts which have perpetual agitation.
VI. Of the muscles, coats, and humors of the eye.
There are six muscles in the eye, of which four perform the four direct motions of the eye: they arise from the bottom of the orb, and end in the midst of the eye encompassing the optic nerve. When they are all moved with one endeavor, they draw the eye inwards. But if the upper only uses its action, it draws the eye upwards; if the lower, downwards; if the right, to the right side; if the left, to the left side.
The two other muscles turn the eye about, the first of which being the longer and slenderer, arises almost from the same place, from which, that muscle arises which draws the eye to the right side to the greater corner. But when it comes to the utmost part of the inner angle, where the Glandula lachrymalis is seated, it ends in a slender tendon, there piercing through the middle membrane which is there, as through a ring; from whence it presently going back is spent in a right angle towards the upper part of the eye, between the insertions of those 2 muscles, of the which one draws the eye upwards, the other directly to the outward corner, as it is observed by Fallopius or rather, which I remember I have always observed, they turn between the muscles which move the eye upwards, and to the inner corner.
This fifth muscle when it is drawn in towards its beginning, so draws the eye with its circular tendon, that it carries it to the greater corner.
The sixth muscle is contrary to that; for it has its origin from the lower part of the orb at a small hole, by which a nerve of the third conjugation passes forth; and being that it is most slender, whilst it ascends transversely to the outward corner, it involves the eye so also, that it is inserted in it by a small tendon, so that the tendons of them both are oftentimes taken but for one. That thou may truly and accurately observe this anatomical description of the eye; the eye must not be plucked out of its orb, but rather the orb itself must be broken and separated.
For thus thou shalt certainly and plainly see the aforementioned origin of the muscles. For the five coats, the first which is first met with in dissection, comes from the pericranium, and is extended over all the white of the eye, even to the iris or Rainbow. The duty of it is to strengthen, bind and contain the eye in its orb, wherefore it had the name Conjunctiva, others call it Adnata, or Epipephycos.
The second is called the Cornea, because it resembles a horn in color and consistency; this coat differs and varies from itself, for in the forepart, as far as the Iris goes, it is clear and perspicuous, but thick and obscure in the hind part, by reason of the diverse polishing. On the fore-part it is dense that it may preserve and contain the crystalline and waterish humor, but withall transparent so to give the object a freer passage to the crystalline. It has its origin from the Crassa meninx, proceeding forth from the inner holes of the orb of the eye, for it encompasses the eye on every side.
The third is called the uvea or Grapy coat, because in the exterior part it represents the color of a black grape; it arises from the Piamater, and encompasses all the eye, except the pupil or apple of the eye, for here being perforated, it adheres to the horny coat by the veins and arteries which it communicates to it for life and nourishment. But when it arrives at the iris, then forsaking the Cornea, it descends deep into the eye, and in some sort is turned about the crystalline humor, to which also it most firmly adheres, so bounding the waterish humor, and also prohibiting that the Albugineous humor do not overwhelm the crystalline. This grapy coat is as it were dyed on the inside with many colors, as black, brown, blue, or green like a rainbow, and that for these ensuing benefits.
The first is, if that it had been tinctured with one color, all objects would have appeared of the same color, as it comes to pass when we look through green or red glass. But it must be colored, that so it may collect the spirits dissipated by the sun and seeing.
Thirdly, it was convenient it should be painted with infinite variety of colors for the preservation of the sight. For as the extreme colors corrupt and weaken the sight, so the middle refresh and preserve it, more or less as they are nearer, or further remote from the extremes. It was fit it should be soft, that so it might not hurt the crystalline humor upon whose circumference it ends; and perforated in the part objected to it, least by its obscurity it should hinder the passage of the objects to the crystalline, but rather that it might collect by its blackness as a contrary, the great and as it were diffused variety of colors, no otherwise than we see the heat is strengthened, by the opposition of cold; some call this coat Choroides, because it is woven with many veins and arteries, like the coat Chorion which involves the infant in the womb.
Now follows the fourth coat called Ampiblistroides or Retiformis, the Net-like coat, because proceeding from the optic nerve dilated into a coat, it is woven like a net with veins and arteries which it receives from the grapy coat, both for the life and nourishment both of itself, as also of the glassy humor which it encompasses on the back part. The principal commodity of this coat is to perceive when the crystalline humor shall be changed by objects, and to lead the visive spirit instructed or furnished with the faculty of seeing, by the mediation of the glassy humor, even to the crystalline being the principal instrument of seeing. It is softer than any other coat, least the touch of it should offend that humor. Wherein thou will admire the singular order of nature, which as in other things it passes not from one extreme to another unless by a Medium, so here it has not fitted the hard horny coat to the soft humors, but by interposition of many media of a middle consistency. For thus after the harder coats Adnata and Cornea it has placed the Grapy coat, by so much softer then these two, as the Net-like coat is softer than it, that thus it might pass from extreme to extreme as it were by these degrees of hardness and softness.
The fifth and last coat is called Arachnoides, because it is of the consistency of a spider’s web. And we may well resemble this coat, to that skin of an onion which exceeds the other in clearness, whiteness and thinness. This Araneosa or Cobweblike coat encompasses the crystalline humor on the fore-side, peradventure that so it might defend it, as the chief instrument of seeing, if the other humors should at any time be hurt. It has its origin from the excrementitious humidity of the crystalline humor, hardened into that coat by the coldness of the adjacent parts; absolutely like the thin skin which encompasses the white of an egg.
The first humor of the eye is called the Aqueus or waterish, from the similitude of water; it is seated between the transparent part of the horny coat, the portion of the crystalline humor lying towards the apple of the eye, and that reflection of the grapy coat which comes from the Iris to the circumference of the crystalline humor, that filling the empty space it may distend the Cornea, and so hinder the falling thereof upon the crystalline which would spoil the sight; as also that by its moisture it might hinder the drying of the crystalline humor. Peradventure it is made of the whayish humor sweating out of the vessels of the coats, having their orifices for the most part in that place, where this waterish humor resides. The second humor and middle most in situation is called the crystalline because it imitates crystal in the brightness and color; if so be that we may attribute any color to it. For indeed it was fit that none of the three humors should be tinctured with any color, as those which should be the instruments of sight, lest they might beguile us in seeing as red and green spectacles do; for that is true which we have read written by the Philosopher; That the subject or matter appointed for the reception of any form should want all impression thereof. Hence Nature has created a formless matter, the humors of the eyes without colors, wax without any figure, the mind without any particular knowledge of any thing, that so they might be able to receive all manner of forms. The figure of the crystalline humor is round, yet somewhat flatted on the foreside, but yet more flatted behind that so the objects might be the better retained in that, as it were, plane figure, and that they might not fly back as from a globe, or round body, in which they could make but short stay; lest it might be easily moved from its place, by the force of anything falling or hitting against it, because that body which is exactly round touches not a plane body but only in a point or prick. Half this humor swims in the glassy humor, that so it may be nourished from it by transposition of matter; or rather (seeing it is encompassed on every side with the first coat, that the matter cannot easily be sent from the one into the other) by the benefit of the vessels produced even unto it as well by the Net-like coat, as by the grapy; but it is filled with a bright spirit on the forepart, which lies next to the waterish humor, and the space of the apple of the eye.
Of which thing this is an argument, that as long as a man remains alive, we see the eye every way full, and swollen, but lank and wrinkled when he is dead; besides also one of the eyes being shut, the pupil of the other is dilated by the spirit compelled to fly thither. And also for the same cause the horny coat is wrinkled in very old men, and the pupil is straightened by the wrinkles subsiding into themselves, which is the cause that they see little, or not at all; for by age and success of time the humor is consumed little by little, the implanted spirit vanishes away, and smaller quantity of spirits now from the brain, as from a fountain, which is also exhausted. The horny coat at his origin, that is, in the parts next to the iris, seems to be very nigh the crystalline humor, because all the coats in that place mutually cohere as touching one another, but as it runs further out to the pupil, it is even further from the cristalline. Which you may easily perceive by anatomical dissection, and the operation of touching or taking away a cataract: for whereas a cataract is seated between the horny coat, and crystalline humor, the needle thrust in, is carried about upwards, downwards, and on every side through a large and free space, neither touching the horny coat nor crystalline humor, by reason these bodies are severed by a good distance filled with spirit and a thin humor. The use of it is, that it may be like a looking glass to the faculty of seeing carried thither with the visive spirit.
The third and last humor is the vitreous, the glassy, or rather Albugineous humor, called so because it is like molten glass, or the white of an egg. It is seated in the hind part of the crystalline humor that so it may in some sort break the violence of the spirit flowing from the brain into the crystalline humor, no otherwise than the watery humor is placed on the foreside of the crystalline to hinder the violence of the light and colors entering that way. This glassy humor is nourished by the net-like coat.
We have formerly spoken sufficiently of the nerves of the eye: Wherefore it remains that we speak of the veins. Some of these are internal, carried thither with the coats of the vessels of the brain; other some external stretched over the external parts of the eye, as the muscles, and coat Adnata, and by these veins inflammations and redness often happen in the external parts of the eye: for which the Vena pupis must be opened, and cupping glasses and horns must be applied to the nape of the neck and shoulders; as in the internal inflammations of the eye the cephalic vein must be opened to avert and evacuate the morbific humor.
The figure of the eye.
Table 3. figure 1. shows the membranes and humors of the eye by lines drawn after the manner of a true eye.
Figure 2. shows the horny coat with a portion of the Optic Nerve.
Figure 3. shows the same divided by a transverse section.
Figure 4. shows the uvea or Grapy coat with a portion of the Optic Nerve.
Figure 5. The Grapy coat of a man’s eye.
Figure 6. The Horny, Grapy and the Choroides.
Figure 7. The interior superficies of the Grapy coat.
Figure 8. The Posterior part of the horny coat together with the said Net coat separated from the Eye.
Figure 9. The coat of the vitreous or glassy humor called Hyaloides.
Figure 10. Three humors joined together.
Figure 11. The forward part of the crystalline.
Figure 12, The crystalline humor covered yet with his coat.
Figure 14. The crystalline of a man’s eye.
Figure 15, His coat.
Fig. 16, The watery humor disposed upon the crystalline round about.
Fig. 17. The hairy processes beamingly sprinkled through the foreside of the coat of the glassy humor.
Fig. 18, The foreside of the glassy humor.
Fig. 19. The place of the watery humor.
Fig. 20. The glassy humor containing or comprehending the crystalline.
The explication of the first Figure by itself.
a, The crystalline humor.
b, The glassy humor.
c, The watery humor.
d, The utmost coat called Adnata.
e, The dark part of the horny Tunicle which is not transparent.
f, The Grapy coat called uvea.
g, The Net-like coat called Retiformis.
h, The coat of the glassy humor called Hyaloides.
i, The coat of the crystalline.
k k, The hairy processes called Processus ciliares.
l, The impression of the Grapy coat where it departs from the thick coat.
m, The horny coat, a part of the thick coat.
n n, The fat between the muscles.
o, The optic nerve.
p, The Dura meninx.
q, The Pia Mater or thin Meninx.
r r, The muscles.
The explication of the other 19. figures together.
a 2, 4, 8, The optic nerve.
b 2, 4, The thin Meninx clothing the Nerve.
c 2, 3, The thick Meninx clothing the nerve.
d 8. the posterior part of the horny coat.
e 8. The coat called Retina gathered together on an heap.
f 23. The rainbow of the eye.
g 2, 3, The lesser circle of the eye or the pupil.
h 2, 3. Vessels dispersed through the Dura Meninx.
i 3, 6, The grapy coat, but i, in the 3. Fig. shows how the vessels do join the hard membrane with the grapy coat.
k 6. The horny or hard membrane turned over.
ll 3. 4, certain fibers and strings of vessels, whereby the grapy coat is tied to the horny.
m m 4, 5. The impression of the grapy coat where it recedes or departs from the horny coat.
n n, 4, 5, 6, 7, The pupil or apple of the eye.
o o, 7, The Ciliar or hairy processes.
p 7, The beginning of the Grapy coat made of a thin membrane dilated, but p, in the 17. figure shows the ciliary processes sprinkled through the fore-part of the glassy humor.
r 9, The bosome or depression of the glassy humor receiving the crystalline.
s 12. 15. The breadth of the coat of the crystalline,
t 12, 13, 14, 16, The posterior part of the crystalline humor which is spherical or round.
u 11, 14, 20, The fore-part of the same crystalline depressed
x 10, 20. The amplitude of the glassy humor.
y 10; 16, 19. The amplitude of the watery humor.
- 19, The place where the glassy humor is distinguished from the watery by the interposition of the Hyaloides or coat of the glassy humor.
α10, 16, The place where the grapy coat swims in the watery humor.
β18. The cavity or depression of the glassy humor which remains when the crystalline is exempted or taken from it.
δ 19. the cavity or depression of the watery humor made by the same means.
VII. Of the Nose
The nose is called in Greek Ris, because the excrements of the brain flow forth by this passage, thou may understand it has a diverse substance by composition. The quantity, figure and site are sufficiently known to all. But it is composed of the skin and muscles, bones, gristles, a membrane or coat nerve, veins and arteries. The skin and bones both contained and containing, have formerly been explained, as also the nerves, veins and arteries. The gristles of the nose are six in number; the first is double separating both the nostrils in the top of the nose extended even to the bone ethmoids. The second lies under the former. The third and fourth are continued to the two outward bones of the nose. The fifth and sixth being very slender and descending on both sides of the nose, make the wings or moveable parts thereof. Therefore the use of these gristles is, that the nose moveable about the end thereof, should be less obnoxious to external injuries, as fractures and bruises, and besides more fit for drawing the air in and expelling it forth in breathing. For nature for this purpose has bestowed four muscles upon the nose, on each side two, one within, and another without.
The external takes its origin from the cheek, and descending obliquely from thence and after some sort annexed to that which opens the upper lip, is terminated into the wing of the nose, which it dilates.
The internal going on the inner side from the jaw bone, ends at the beginning of the gristles that make the wings, that so it may contract them. The coat which inwardly invests the nostrils and their passages, is produced by the sieve-like bones from the Crassa menin, as the inner coat of the palate, throttle, weasand, gullet and inner ventricle, that it is no marvel, if the affects of such parts be quickly communicated with the brain. This same coat on each side receives a portion of a nerve from the third conjugation, through the hole which descends to the nose by the great corner of the eye.
The nose in all the parts thereof is of a cold and dry temper. The action and profit thereof is to carry the air and oft times smells to the mammillary processes, and from thence to the four ventricles of the brain, for the reasons formerly showed. But because the mammillary processes being the passages of the air and smells are double, and for that one of these may be obstructed without the other, therefore nature has also distinguished the passage of the nose with a gristly partition put between, that when the one is obstructed, the air by the other may enter into the brain for the generation and preservation of the animal spirit. The two holes of the nose first ascend upwards; and then downwards into the mouth, by a crooked passage, lest the cold air, or dust should be carried into the lungs. But the nose was parted into two passages as we see, not only for the aforementioned cause, but also for helping the respiration and vindicating the smell from external injuries, and lastly for the ornament of the face.
VIII. Of the muscles of the Face.
Now we must describe the muscles of the face pertaining as well to the lips as to the lower jaw. These are 18 in number, on each side nine, that is, four of the lips, two of the upper, and as many of the lower. But there belong five to the lower jaw. The first of the upper lip being the longer, and narrower, arising from the yoke-bone descends by the corner of the mouth to the lower lip, that so it may bring it to the upper lip, and by that means shut the mouth. The other being shorter and broader, passing forth of the hollowness of the cheek, or upper jaw (by which a portion of the nerves of the third conjugation descends to these two muscles, and other parts of the face) ends in the upper part of the same upper lip, which it composes together with the fleshy pannicle and skin, and it opens it by turning up the exterior fibers towards the nose, and shuts it by drawing the internal inwards towards the teeth.
The first of the lower lip being the longer and slenderer, entering out of that region which is between the external perforation of the upper jaw (through which on the inner part of the same, a nerve passes forth to the same muscles) and the muscle Masseter, (of which hereafter) then ascending upwards by the corner of the mouth, it ends in the upper lip, that so it may draw it to the lower.
The other broader and shorter begins at the lower part of the chin and the hollowness thereof, and ends at the lower lip which it makes, opening it within and without by its internal and external fibers, as we also said of its opposite. And that I may speak in a word, Nature has framed three sorts of muscles for the motion of the mouth, of which some open the mouth, others shut it, and othersome wrest it and draw it awry; but you must note that when the muscles of one kind jointly perform their functions (as the upper which we described in the first place, on each side one which draw the lower lip to the upper, and the muscles opposite to them) they make a right or straight motion; but when either of them moves severally, it moves obliquely, as when we draw our mouth aside. But these muscles are so fastened and fixed to the skin, that they cannot be separated; so that it is no great matter whether you call it a musculous skin, or a skinny muscle (Which also takes place in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet) but these muscles move the lips, the upper jaw being not moved at all.
IX. Of the muscles of the Lower Jaw.
We have said these muscles are five in number, that is, four which shut it, and one which opens it, and these are alike on both sides. The first and greater of these four muscles which shut the jaw is called Crotophita or temporal muscle, it arises from the sides of the forehead and Bregma bones, and adhering to the same and the stony bone, it descends under the yoke-bone, from whence it inserts itself to the process of the lower jaw which the Greeks call Corone, that it may draw it directly to the upper, so to shut the mouth.
But you must note that this muscle is tendinous even to his belly, and that it fills and makes both the temples. It is more subject to deadly wounds than the rest by reason of the multitude of nerves dispersed over the substance thereof, which because they are near their origin, that is, the brain, they infer danger of sudden death by a convulsion which usually follows the affects of this muscle; but also in like manner it causes a fever, the Phrenzy and Coma.
The Figure of the chief muscles of the Face.
A. The muscle of the forehead and the right fibers thereof.
B. The temporal muscle.
α. β. γ. his semicircular origin.
D. The muscle of the upper lip.
G. The yoke-bone under which the temporal muscles pass.
I. The Masseter, or Grinding Muscle.
K. The upper gristle of the nose.
M. A muscle forming the cheeks.
N. The muscle of the lower lip.
O. A part of the Fifth muscle of the lower jaw called Digastricus, that is, double bellied.
Q. R. The first muscle of the bone Hyoids growing unto the rough Artery.
S. The second muscle of the bone Hyoids under the chin.
T. The third muscle of the bone hyoids stretched to the law.
T. K. the seventh muscle of the head and his insertion at T.
V. V. The two venters of the fourth muscle of the bone hyoids.
φ. The place where the vessels pass which go to the head, and the nerves which are sent to the arm.
Therefore that it should be less subject or obvious to external injuries, Nature has, as it were, made it a retiring place in the bone, and fortified it with a wall of bone raised somewhat higher about it. The other muscle almost equal to the former in size, being called the Masseter, or grinding muscle, makes the cheek; it descends from the lowest part of the greatest bone of the orb (which bends itself as it were back, that it may make part of the yoke bone) and inserts itself into the lower jaw, from the corner thereof to the end of the root of the process Corone, that so it may draw this jaw forward and backward, and move it like a hand-mill.
Wherefore nature has composed it of two sorts of fibers, of the which some from the neck (the cheek in that place under the eyes standing somewhat out like an apple arising from the concourse of the greater bones of the orb and upper jaw) descend obliquely to the corner and hinder part of the lower jaw, that it may move it forwards. Othersome arise from the lower part of the same yoke-bone, and descending obliquely intersect the former fibers after the similitude of the letter X, and insert themselves into the same lower jaw at the roots of the process Corone, that so they may draw it back. Truly by reason of these contrary motions it is likely this muscle was called the Masseter or grinder.
The third, which is the round muscle, arises from all the gums of the upper jaw, and is inserted into all the gums of the lower, investing the sides of all the mouth with the coat, with which it is covered on the inside, being otherwise covered on the outside with more fat than any other muscle. The action thereof is, not only to draw the lower jaw to the upper, but also as with a shovel to bring the meat dispersed over all the mouth under the teeth, no otherwise than the tongue draws it in.
The fourth being shorter and less than the rest arising from all the hollowness of the winged process of the Wedge-bone, is inserted within into the broadest part of the lower jaw, that so in like manner it may draw the same to the upper. This is the muscle through whose occasion, we said this lower jaw is sometimes dislocated.
The fifth and last muscle of the lower jaw from the process styloids of the stony bone, ascends to the forepart of the chin, near to the connection of the two bones of this jaw, to draw this jaw downwards from the upper in opening the mouth. This muscle is slender and tendinous in the midst, that so it might be the stronger, but it is fleshy at the ends. All these muscles were made by the singular providence of nature and ingrafted into this part for the performance of many uses and actions, as biting asunder, chewing, grinding and severing the meat into small particles, which the tongue by a various and harmless motion puts under the teeth. Thus much I thought good to say of the parts of the face, as well containing as contained.
A. A hole in the forehead bone in the brim of the seat of the eye, sending a small nerve of the third pair to the muscles of the fore-head and the upper eye-brow.
B. The temporal muscle.
X. Of the Ears and Parotides or Kernels of the Ears.
The ears are the organs of the sense of hearing. They are composed of the skin, a little flesh, a gristle, veins, arteries and nerves. They may be bended or folded in without harm, because being gristly, they easily yield and give way; but they would not do so, if they should be bony, but would rather break. That lap at which they hang pendants and jewels, is by the ancients called Fibra; but the upper part pinna. They have been framed by the providence of nature into twining passages like a Snail’s shell, which as they come nearer to the foramen caecum, or blind hole, are the more straitened, that so they might the better gather the air into them, and conceive the differences of sounds and voices, and little by little lead them to the membrane.
This membrane which is indifferently hard has grown up from the nerves of the fifth conjugation, which they call the auditory. But they were made thus into crooked windings, least the sounds rushing in too violently should hurt the sense of hearing. Yet for all this we oft find it troubled and hurt by the noise of thunder, guns and bells. Otherwise also lest that the air too suddenly entering in should by its qualities, as cold, cause some harm: and also that little creeping things and other extraneous bodies as fleas and the like, should be stayed in these windings and turnings of the ways, the glutinous thickness of the choleric excrement or earwax hereunto also conducing, which the brain purges and sends forth into this part, that is, the auditory passage framed into these intricate meanders.
Tab, 10. shows the ears and the many internal parts thereof.
Fig. 1. shows the whole external ear, with a part of the temple bone.
Fig. 2. shows the left bone of the temple divided in the midst by the instrument of hearing, whereabout on either side there are certain passages here particularly described.
Fig. 3, and 4. shows the three little bones.
Fig. 5. shows a portion of the bone of the temples which is seen near the hole of hearing divided through the midst, whereby the nerves, bones and membranes may appear as Vesalius of them conceives.
Fig. 6. shows the vessels, membranes, bones and holes of the organ of hearing, as Platerus has described them.
Fig. 7, and 8. shows the little bones of the hearing of a man and of a calf, both joined and separated.
Fig. 9. shows the muscle found out by Aquapendens.
For the particular declaration see D. Crookes Anatomy, page 577.
But that we may understand how the hearing is made, we must know the structure of the organ or instrument hereof. The membrane which we formerly mentioned to consist of the auditory nerve is stretched in the inside over the auditory passage like as the head of a drum. For it is stretched and extended with the air, or auditory spirit implanted there, and shut up in the cavity of the mammillary process and foramen caecum, that smitten upon by the touch of the external air entering in, it may receive the object, that is the sound, which is nothing else than a certain quality arising from the air beaten or moved by the collision, and conflict of one or more bodies.
Such a collision is spread over the air, as the water which by the gliding touch of a stone produces many circles and rings one as it were rising from another. So in rivulets running in a narrow channel, the water strucken and as it were, beaten back in its course against broken, craggy and steep rocks, wheels about into many turnings: this collision of the beaten air flying back diverse ways from arched and hollow roofed places, as dens, cisterns, wells, thick woods and the like, yields and produces a double sound, and this reduplication is called an echo. Wherefore the hearing is thus made by the air, as a medium, but this air is twofold, that is, external and internal.
The exterior is that which encompasses us, but the interior is that which is shut up in the cavity of the mammillary process and foramen caecum, which truly is not pure and sole air, but tempered and mixed with the auditory spirit. Thence proceeds the noise or beating of the ears, when vapors are there mixed with the air instead of spirits, whereby their motion or agitation is perturbed and confused. But neither do these suffice for hearing, for nature for the more exact distinction of sounds has also made the little bones, of which one is called the Incus or anvil, another the Malleolus or hammer, the third the Stapes or stirrup, because the shape thereof resembles a German stirrup. Also it may be called Deltoids, because it is made in the shape of the Greek letter Δ.
They are placed behind the membrane; wherefore the anvil and hammer, moved by the force of the entrance of the external air, and beating thereof against that membrane, they more distinctly express the difference of sounds, as strings stretched within under the head of a drum; as for example, these bones being more gently moved represent a low sound to they common sense and faculty of bearing, but being moved more vehemently and violently, they present a quick and great sound; to conclude, according to their diverse agitation, they produce many and different sounds.
The glandules should follow the ears in the order of anatomy, as well those which are called the emunctories of the brain, that is, the Parotids (which are placed as it were at the lower part of the ears) as these which lie under the lower jaw, the muscles of the bone hyoid and the tongue, in which the Scrophulae and other such cold abscesses breed. It shall here suffice to set down the use of all such like glandules.
Therefore the Parotids are framed in that place by nature, to receive the virulent and malign matter sent forth by the strength of the brain, by the veins and arteries spread over that place. The rest serve to strengthen the division of the vessels, to moisten the ligaments and membranes of the jaw, lest they should be dried by their continual motion. Their other conditions and uses are formerly handled in our first book of anatomy.
XI. Of the hyoid bone and the muscles thereof
The substance of the bone hyoids is the same with that of other bones. The figure thereof imitates the Greek letter v from whence it took the name, (and from the letter λ it is in like sort called <non-Latin letters>; by some it is styled Os Gutturis and os Linguae, that is, the Throat bone and Tongue bone. The composition thereof composition thereof consists of many bones joined into one by the interposition of gristles.
This bone is bigger in beasts and composed of more bones, and that not only by the intercourse of gristles, but also of ligaments. It is seated with its base (being gibbous on the forepart for constancy, and arched on the inside that it might receive and contain the root of the tongue) upon the upper part of that gristle of the throttle which is called scutiformis or shield-like, (for this seems to prop it up by the strength of two processes rising at the base thereof) and the root of the tongue. From this base it sends forth two horns to the sides of the tongue on each side one, which in men are tied to the appendix styloids by ligaments sent from itself. Contrary then it is in beasts, who have it of many bones united as we said, by the intercourse of ligaments even to the root of the styloids. Wherefore this bone has connection with the aforementioned parts, and other hereafter to be mentioned. It has the same temper as other bones have. The use of it is to minister ligaments to certain muscles of the tongue, and insertion as well to the two foremost and upper muscles of the throttle, as to its own, of which we will now treat.
The muscles of the hyoid bone, according to the opinion of some, are eight – on each side four; of which there be two, one of which Galen refers to the common muscles of the larynx or throttle; and the other to those which move the shoulder-blade upwards. Howsoever it be, the first of the four before mentioned arises from the Appendix Styloids, and passing over the nervous substance of the muscle opening the lower law, is inserted into the horns of the hyoid bone. This muscle is very thin, yet somewhat broad, the which in that respect may easily be cut, unless you have a care in separating the muscle which opens the lower Chap. The second ascends obliquely from the upper part of the shoulder-blade near the production thereof called Coracoides, to the beginnings of the horns of the said hyoid bone. This is round and nervous in the midst that so it might be the stronger, as that is which we formerly said opens the lower law; and it is referred by Galen amongst those which move the shoulder-blade upwards. The third arises from the upper part of the sternum, and is inserted at the root and base of the hyoid bone; yet Galen refers it to the common muscles of the Larynx; whose opinion takes place rather in beasts, than in man, seeing in man this muscle cannot be found either to proceed, or be inserted into the throttle, as it is in beasts. The fourth and last descends within from the chin to the root of the hyoid bone. The first of these muscles with its companion or partner moves the hyoid bone upwards; the second downwards; The third backwards; and the fourth forwards. I would declare whence these muscles have their vessels, had I not abundantly satisfied that thing, when I treated of the distribution of the nerves, veins and arteries.
XII. Of the Tongue
The tongue is of a fleshy, rare, loose and soft substance; it enjoys flesh of a different kind from the rest of the flesh, as chiefly appears when you cut it from the first origin of the muscles thereof; which thing has moved some, that they have made a fourth kind of flesh proper to the tongue and different from the rest, viz. the Fibrous, musculous, and that of the bowels. The quantity thereof is such that it may be contained in the mouth, and easily moved to each part thereof. The figure of it is triangular, which it rather expresses in the base, which is at the root of the hyoid bone, than in its point, or forepart, where from a triangle it becomes more dilated. It is composed of a membrane (which it has from that which lines all the inside of the mouth) muscles 4 nerves, two on each side, the one whereof is sent from the third conjugation, into the coat thereof; the other from the seventh is sent into the musculous substance even to the end thereof for motions sake; so that those sensific nerves from the third conjugation only give to judge of tastes, compose the coat, and touch or enter not the flesh. Besides it is composed of veins and arteries on each side one, which it receives from the external jugular and Carotides, running manifestly to the end thereof on the lower side, that so they might be easily opened in the diseases of the mouth and throttle; they commonly term these the Vena nigra or black veins.
The muscles of the tongue are absolutely ten, on each side five. The first narrow at the beginning, and broader at the end, descends into the upper side of the tongue from the Appendix Styloids, and together with its co-partner draws it upwards. The second has its origin within from the lower jaw about the region of the grinding teeth, and is inserted into the lower side of the tongue, the which with its partner draws it downward. The third proceeds from the inner part of the chin and goes to the root of the tongue, that when need requires it may put it forth of the mouth. The fourth the greatest and broadest of them all, composed of all sorts of fibers, passes forth from the basis of the hyoid bone, and ends at the lower part of the tongue, which with its companion plucks it back into the mouth. The fifth and last most usually arises from the upper part of the horns of the hyoid bone and goes to the roots of the tongue between the two first, that it may move it to the sides of the mouth. The temper thereof, as of all other flesh, is hot and moist. The first action and commodity thereof is, to be the organ of the sense of tasting, wherefore it was made fungous and spongy, that by reason of the rarity of it, it might more easily admit the tastes conjoined with the spittle, as a vehicle. Another to be an instrument to distinguish the voice by articulate speech, for which it was made movable into each part of the mouth. The third is to be a help to chew and swallow the meat. For which cause it is like a scoop or dish with which we throw back the corn into the mill, which has escaped grinding. And because, when the tongue is dry, it is less nimble and quick to perform its motions, as appears by those which can scarce speak by reason of thirst, or a burning fever: therefore nature has placed very spongy glandules at the roots thereof, on each side one, which like sponges suck and receive, both from the brain and other places a waterish and spittle-like humor, with which they humect and make more glib, not only the tongue, but also the other parts of the mouth, as the throat and jaws; these glandules are called the Tonsillae, or almonds of the throat.
XIII. Of the Mouth.
The mouth is that capacity which bounded with the cheeks and lips contains within its precincts the teeth, tongue, and the beginnings of the throttle and gullet. Therefore the use of the mouth is to contain the tongue, and serve it in the fitter performance of its actions; and although many parts hereof have been formerly handled, as the lips, teeth, jaws, tongue, almonds, and passages of the palate coming from the nose, yet it remains, that we declare, what the palate, the Gargareon; or uvula the pharynx, and fauces or Chops are. The palate (or as it is commonly called, the roof of the mouth) is nothing else but the upper part of the mouth bounded with the teeth gums and upper jaw. In which place the coat common to the whole mouth, is made rough with many wrinkles, that the meats put up and down between the tongue and the palate might be broken and chewed more easily by that inequality and roughness. If any would find the nerves, which descend into the palate from the fourth conjugation, let him separate that coat and cast it from the fore to the hind part of the mouth; for so he shall find them at the sides and hind parts of the bones of the palate, which encompass the palate, and at the beginning of the inner holes of the mouth, which descend from the nose, and region of the productions of the wedge bone called the saddle. These holes or passages are open, that we may breath the better when we sleep, and that when the nose is not well, the excrements which seek their passage by it, may be more easily drawn away by the mouth. This same coat is woven with nervous fibers, that, like the tongue, it might judge of tastes; these fibers compose a coat that has a middle consistency betwixt soft and hard. For if it should have been any harder, like a bone or gristle, it would have been without sense, but if softer hard, acrid and sharp meats would have hurt it.
XIV. Of the Gargareon, or Uvula.
By the Gargareon we understand a fleshy and spongy body, in shape like a pine-apple, hanging directly down at the further end of the palate and base of the ethmoids bone where the two holes of the palate come from the nose, above the entrance of the throttle. This little body is situated in this place to break the violence of the air drawn in by breathing, and that by delay it might in some sort temper and mitigate it by the warmness of the mouth. Besides, that it might be as it were the Plecirum, or quill of the voice, so to diffuse the fuliginous vapor sent forth in breathing that it may be dispersed over all the mouth, that resounding from thence it may be articulate, and by the motion of the tongue distinguished and formed, into a certain voice. Which use is not small, when we see by experience that such as have this particle cut away, or eaten or corrupted by any accident, have not only their voice vitiated and depraved, but speak ill favoredly, and as they say, through the nose; and besides, in process of time they fall into a consumption by reason of the cold air passing down before it be qualified. This same particle, is also a means to hinder the dust from flying down through the weasand into the lungs. By the pharynx and fauces is meant the inner and back part of the mouth, set or placed before the entrance of the throttle and gullet; being so called, because that place is narrow and straight, that as it were by these straits, the air drawn in by the mouth might be forced down by the throttle, and the meat into the gullet.
XV. Of the Larynx or throttle.
First we must show what is meant by the larynx or throttle, then prosecute the other conditions of it after our accustomed manner. Therefore by the larynx we understand nothing else in this place than the head and extremity of the rough artery, or weasand, which comes nearer to gristly substance than to any other. The quantity thereof is sufficiently large, yet diverse according to the diversity of bodies. It resembles in shape the head of a German pipe. The composure of it consists of 18 muscles, on each side nine, which as they are like in quantity, so also in strength and action; of three gristles, veins, arteries and nerves, as we showed, when we spoke of the distribution of the vessels; as also of a double coat, the one external, the other internal, as we showed when we spoke of the weasand. These three gristles are joined together by certain ligaments and muscles; the foremost gristle, which also is the greater is called by the Greeks [illegible], in Latin commonly Scutiformis, that is shield-like, because it resembles a shield. The second being the hinder and middle in magnitude, wants a name, wherefore it is called the innominata or nameless gristle. The last and least which notwithstanding may be parted into two, so lies upon the edges of the other, that it resembles the mouth of an oil pot, or a pitcher, whereupon the Greeks call it Arytenoids. These gristles thus fitted amongst themselves utter a distinct voice, by the benefit of the Epiglottis, or after-tongue, and also of the muscles opening and shutting, dilating and compressing them, whence proceed infinite varieties of voices. For thus when they are opened and dilated they yield a heavy, or dull sound; when they are shut or drawn together, a quick, or sharp sound, and to conclude, they make it infinite ways different according to the infinite variety of the dilatation, or constriction thereof. Therefore because it was fit these gristles should be moveable, especially the arytenoids, and thyroids, nature has put to them on each side 9 muscles, of which three are common and 6 proper. The first of the common lying hid under the third muscle of them that move the hyoid bone, arises from the root of the same bone, and by an oblique descent inserts itself at the base of the shield-like gristle, to dilate it upwards and downwards. The second ascends obliquely from the inner part of the sternum according to the length of the weasand (whence it is called Bronchius) to the bottom and sides of the same shield-like gristle, that it may open and dilate it with its wings. This muscle is seen from the first origin thereof, even a great part of the way straightly to cohere with the third muscle of the hyoid bone; therefore under each of the muscles, there is a glandulous body spread about the fore and upper part of the weasand, on that place where it applies itself to the throttle; this body although it resemble a fleshy substance, yet it is a glandule, which being plucked away by a certain emperick, taking upon him to cure the kings evil, caused a defect of voice on one side, because he pulled away the recurrent nerve lying upon that glandule as it goes to the throttle, as Galen reports, Lib. de locis affectis. The third and last arises from the part of the vertebras of the neck lying transversely upon the sides of the gullet, and ends at the wings and sides of the shield-like gristle, that it may tie it more straightly to the second gristle. But these three are called common muscles because they take their origin from some other place than the throttle that so they may be inserted into some part thereof; for they are called the proper muscles which arise from the throttle itself, which we have said to be 6 on each side: the first of which arising from the fore part of the second gristle, makes a circle under the base of the shield-like gristle; whilst ascending obliquely to the base thereof, it is afterwards inserted in a part of it, so to strengthen and dilate it. The second in like manner arising from the second gristle, from that place where it adheres to the first, it runs obliquely crossing the first to the inner and forepart of the gristle thyroids near to the base thereof, that it may join it to the second. The third from the hind base of the second gristle ascends directly to the base of the third gristle Arytenoids, that with the second muscle it may open and shut it. The fourth ascends from the sides of the second gristle, near the origin of the second muscle, to the sides of the Arytenoids, that with the second muscle it may open and shut it. The fifth arises from the inner middle of the shield-gristle, and ends in the fore part of the Arytenoids at the insertion of the fourth muscle, that so it may press down the said gristle.
The sixth and last ascends by the hind base of the Arytenoids to the fore base of the same, to press it down. But you must note that all such muscles as arise from below upwards, receive branches from the recurrent, but especially those who open and shut the gristle arytenoids. But the site, temper, connection, and use of the throttle may easily be known by that we have said before: Although it be a thing very full of difficulty to search out and demonstrate all the conditions of the organic parts, by reason of the diversity of their composition. Wherefore hence forward concerning the substance, temper, and other circumstances of such parts as we shall omit, you may have recourse to those things which we have written in the demonstration of the simple and similar parts, of which these organic are composed; as if any should ask of what temper the Larynx is, you shall answer of a cold, dry, and hot, and moist, because it consists both of a gristly and fleshly substance. He which reckons up all the parts of the mouth, must not omit that gristly and membranous body which arises from the roots of the tongue, which that it might be more quick for motion, that is, whereby it might be more easily erected and depressed (for those things which are more soft do continually slide away, but those which are too hard cannot be bended) it was convenient it should be neither too hard nor too soft, that it might be erected whilst we breath, but depressed when we swallow. It is a principal instrument of the voice, for it cannot be well articulated unless the way were straight. Therefore it straightens that way, and the passage of the gristles of the throttle, but specially the arytenoids; it is always moist by a certain native, and inbred humidity; wherefore if it happen to be dried by a fever, or any other like accident, the speech is taken away. It is bound on both sides by the common membrane of the mouth to the sides of the arytenoids even to the back part thereof, that so like a cover it may open and shut the orifice of the throttle, that none of the meat and drink in swallowing may fall into the weasand, in such abundance as may hinder the egress and regress of the air. For we must not think that this body does so closely shut the orifice of the throttle, but that some small quantity of moisture always runs down by the inner sides, as the walls thereof, to moisten the lungs; otherwise Eclegma’s should be of no use in the diseases of the chest. And because that this little body is partaker of voluntary motion, therefore according to the opinion of some there are four muscles bestowed upon it, two which may open it and two that shut it, on each side one. The opening muscles descend from the root of the hyoid bone, and in their insertion growing into one they are terminated in the root of this body, that is, the epiglottis in the back part thereof. The shutting muscles (in those creatures where they are found) arise on the inside between the coat and gristle thereof. Truly I could never observe and find these four muscles in a man, though I have diligently and earnestly sought for them, but I have always observed them in beasts. Therefore some have boldly affirmed that this little body in swallowing lies not upon the orifice of the throttle, unless when it is pressed down by the heaviness of such things as are to be swallowed; but that, at all other times by reason of the continual breathing it stands upright, the throttle being open. There remain as yet to be considered, two small bosoms, or cavities, or rather fissures which nature has hollowed in the very throttle under the epiglottis, on each side one, that if by chance any of the meat or drink should fall, or slip aside in the larynx, it might be there stayed and retained. Beside that, the air too violently entering, should be in some sort broken by these clifts, or chinks, no otherwise than the blood and spirit entering into the heart through the Auricula or ears thereof.
XVI. Of the Neck and the Parts Thereof.
First we will define what the neck is, then prosecute the parts thereof as well proper, as common, especially those of which we have not as yet treated. For it were superfluous to speak any more of the skin, the fleshy pannicle, the veins, arteries, nerves, gullet, weasand and muscles ascending and descending to the parts into which they are inserted along the neck; wherefore you must not expect that we should say any thing of the neck, more than to describe the Vertebrae or rack bones, being the proper parts thereof, and the ligaments as well those proper to the neck, as those which it has in common with the head; and lastly the muscles, as well those it has in common with the head and chest, as those of its own. Therefore the neck is nothing else than a part of the head, which is contained between the nowle bone and the first vertebrae of the back. First in the neck the vertebrae must be considered, and we must show what they have proper and peculiar, and what common amongst themselves, that we may more easily show the origin and insertion of the muscles growing out of them and ending in them.
The neck consists of seven vertebrae or rack-bones, in which you must consider their proper body; and then the holes by which the spinal marrow passes; thirdly the Apophyses or processes of the vertebrae; fourthly the holes through which the nerves are disseminated into other parts from the spinal marrow, and besides the perforations of the transverse productions by which the veins, and arteries which we call Cervicales ascend along the neck, and lastly the connection of these same vertebrae or Rack-bones. For the first, by the body of the vertebrae, we understand the forepart thereof upon which the gullet lies. For the hole, that is not always the largest in those vertebrae which are nighest the head; but it is always encompassed with the body of the vertebrae, and besides with three sorts of processes, except in the first rack-bone, that is right, transverse and oblique. By right we understand these extuberancies in the rack-bones of the neck which are hollowed directly in the upper part of them and rise up crested on each side to sustain and receive the base of the rack-bone which is set upon it. By the oblique processes, we understand the bunchings out by which these rack-bones are mutually knit together by Ginglymos; these are seated between the right and transverse processes. By the transverse we understand the protuberations next the body, which divide the vertebra or rack-bone in a straight line. These processes are perforated that they may give to the before described veins and arteries, which entering the spinal marrow by the holes of the nerves nourish the rack-bones and parts belonging to them. Besides you must note that the perforations of the rack-bones of the neck by which the nerves proceed from the spinal marrow to the outward parts are under the transverse process, that is growing or made by the upper and lower vertebra, contrary to all the other which are in the rest of the rack-bones.
For the connection of the rack-bones, you must know that all the vertebrae of the spine have six connections, two in their own bodies, and four in their oblique processes. By the two first connections they are so mutually articulated in their own bodies that each are joined with other both above and below. But by the four other, by their oblique ascendent and descendent processes, on each side two, they are so mutually inarticulate that as the fourth rack-bone of the neck by its oblique ascendent processes, is received of the descendent processes of the third rack-bone; so it receives the oblique ascendent processes of the first, by its oblique descendents, for always the oblique ascendents are received, and the descendents receive. Yet we must except the first rack-bone of the neck which is contained with 4 connections by his lower oblique processes, and by its upper by which it receives the oblique processes both of the nowle bone, and of the second rack-bone. The second vertebra or rack-bone must also be excepted which is holden by 5 connections, that is to say, four by its oblique processes, and the fifth by its own body, by which it is knit to the body of the third vertebra. But we must note that whereas nature has not given a spine to the first rack-bone, yet it has given it a certain bunch or extuberancy instead thereof; in like manner, seeing it makes no common passage with the second vertebra for the passage forth of the nerve, it is perforated at the sides of its body, and it is made very thin on the fore side, as if it were without body, that it might receive the fore process raised in the upper body of the second rack-bone, which Hippocrates calls the tooth, to which the principal ligament of the head is fastened, which descends within from the hind part of the head under the Apophyses clinoids or processes of the wedge-bone.
From A, to B, the seven vertebrae of the neck.
From C, to D, The twelve vertebrae of the chest.
From E, to F, The five rack-bones of the loins.
From G, to H, The Os sacrum or Holy-bone consisting commonly of 6 vertebrae.
From I, to K, The bone Coccyx or the rump-bone according to the late writers.
LL, The bodies of the vertebrae.
M, The transverse processes of the vertebrae.
N, The descendent processes.
OO, The ascendent processes.
PP, The backward processes.
QQ, The holes that are in the sides of the vertebrae through which the nerves are transmitted.
RR, A gristly ligament betwixt the vertebrae.
A, 2, 3, 4, The hole whereout the marrow of the back issues.
B, 2, 3, The cavity which admits the root of the second rack-bone.
C, 3, 4, A cavity or Sinus in the same place crusted over with a gristle.
D, 2, A prominence in the outward region of this Sinus.
EF, 2, 3. The Sinus or cavity of the first rack-bone which admits the 2 heads of the nowle-bone.
GG, 2, 3, 4. the transverse process of the 1. Vertebra.
H, 1, The hole of this transverse process.
I, 3. The Sinus, which together with the cavity of the nowle-bone marked with I, makes a common passage prepared for the nerves.
K, 3, 4, A rough place where the spine of the first rack is wanting.
LL, 4, Two cavities of the first rack receiving the 2 bunches of the second rack marked with MN.
MN, 5, 6, The 2. bunches of the second rack which fall into the cavities of the first:
O, 7, The appendix or tooth of the second rack.
P, 5, A knub of this appendix crusted over with a gristle.
Q, 6, The backside of the tooth.
R, 6, the Sinus or cavity of the same, about which a transverse ligament is rolled containing the said tooth in the cavity of the first rack.
ST 6. certain cavities at the sides of the tooth whence the roots issue of the fore-branch of the second pair of sinews.
V, 5, the point of the tooth.
X, 3. An asperity or roughness where is a hole but not thrilled through.
Y, 6, A cavity of the second rack which together with the cavity marked with Z, makes a hole, through which the nerves do issue.
Z, 4, the Sinus of the first rack.
a, 5, 6, 7, the double spine of the second rack.
b, 5, 6, 7, the transverse process of the second rack.
c, 7, the hole of the said transverse process.
d, 6, 7, the descending process of the second rack whose cavity is marked with d, in the 6th figure.
e, 6, 7, the place where the body of the second rack descends downward.
- gg, 8, the lower side of the body of the third rack at f, the two eminent parts of the same at gg. hi, 8, the ascending processes.
l m, 8, the two descending processes.
n o p q, 8, the transverse processes.
r, 8, 9, the spine or backward process.
st, 8, the two tops of the spine.
u, 9, the descending process of the third rack.
x, 9, the ascending process.
y, the transverse process of the third rack.
α, 8, 9, the hole of this transverse process.
β, 9, the upper hollowed part of the body of the third rack.
δ, 9, the Sinus or cavity which makes the lower part of a hole through which the conjugations of the nerves are led.
ε, 7, the upper part of the same hole.
And by this articulation the head is bended forwards and backwards, as it is moved to the sides by the articulation of the first rack-bone with the second. That process is bound by two ligaments, the first of which being the greater and broader is external, comprehending in the compass thereof all the upper articulation, ascending from the rack-bones to the head, or rather descending from the head to them, as any other ligament going from one bone to another. The other is the stronger and also encompasses the articulation mixing itself with the gristle, which by its interposition binds together all the rack-bones, the first excepted, as you may see in pulling asunder the rack-bones of a swine; and the whole spine or back-bone is tied together and composed throughout with such ligaments.
The Holy bone is composed of 4 vertebrae (or rather of five, or six, as in the figure following) besides the rump-bone, it receives, and holds fast the Ossa Ilium, or Hanch-bones, and is as a base to all the rack-bones placed above it, whereby it comes to pass that the rack-bones from the head to the Holy-bone grow still thicker, because that which supports ought to be bigger than that which is supported. There is a certain moisture, tough and fatty, put between the Rack-bones, as also in other joints, to make them glib and slippery that so they may the better move. Whilst this motion is made, the rack-bones part one from another.
The commodities or uses of the spine are said to be four. The first is, that it is, as it were the seat and foundation of the composure and construction of the whole body, as the Carkass is in a ship. The second, that it is a way or passage for the marrow. The third is, because it contains and preserves the same. The fourth is, that it serves for a wall or bulwark to the entrails which lie and rest upon it on the inside. And because we have fallen into mention of ligaments, it will not be amiss to insert in this place, that which ought to be known of them. First therefore we will declare what a ligament is, then explain the many acceptions thereof, and lastly prosecute their differences.
Therefore a ligament is nothing else than a simple part of man’s body, next to a bone and gristle the most terrestrial, and which most usually arises from the one or other of them either mediately or immediately, and in the like manner ends in the one of them, or in a muscle, or in some other part; whereby it comes to pass that a ligament is without blood, dry, hard, and cold and without sense, like the parts from whence it arises, although it resemble a nerve in whiteness and consistency, but that it is somewhat harder.
A ligament is taken either generally, or more particularly; in general, for every part of the body, which ties one part to another, in which sense the skin may be called a ligament, because in contains all the inner parts in one union. So the peritoneum comprehending all the natural parts, and binding them to the back-bone: so the membrane investing the ribs, (that is the pleura) containing all the vital parts; thus the membranes of the brain, the nerves, veins, arteries, muscles, membranes, and lastly all such parts of the body, which bind together and contain other, may be called ligaments, because they bind one part to another; as the nerves annex the whole body to the brain, the arteries fasten it to the heart: and the veins to the liver. But to conclude, the name of a ligament more particularly taken, signifies that part of the body, which we have described a little before.
The differences of ligaments are many, for some are membranous and thin; others broad, othersome thick and around, some hard, some soft, some great, some little; some wholly gristlely, others of a middle consistency between a bone and a gristle, according to the nature of the motion of the parts, which they bind together in quickness, vehemency and slowness. We will show the other differences of ligaments, as they shall present themselves in dissection.
XVII. Of the muscles of the Neck.
The muscles of the neck as well proper as common, are in number twenty, or else twenty two, that is, ten, or eleven on each side; of which seven only move the head, or the first vertebra with the head; the other 3 or 4, the neck it self. Of the 7 which move the head, and with the head the first vertebra, some extend and erect it, others bend and decline it, others move it obliquely, but all of them together in a successive motion move it circularly; and the like judgment may be of the muscles of the neck.
The fourth figure of the muscles. This figure shows the cavities of the middle and lower bellies, the bowels being taken out, but most part of the bones and muscles remaining.
AB, The first muscle bending the neck called Longus.
C C, The second bender of the neck called Scalenus.
D D D D, The outward intercostal muscles.
E E E E, The inner intercostal muscles.
F F F, The second muscle of the chest called serratus major.
G, The first muscle of the shoulder-blade called serratus minor, separated from his origin.
H, The first muscle of the arm called Pectoralis, separated from his origin.
I, The second muscle of the arm called Deltoides.
K, The bone of the arm without flesh.
L, The first muscle of the cubit called Biceps.
M, The second muscle of the cubit called Brachiaus.
N, The clavicle or coller-bone bent backward.
O, The first muscle of the chest called subclavius.
P, The upper process of the shoulder-blade.
Q, The first muscle of the head called obliquus inferior.
R, The second muscle of the head called Complexus.
S, The fourth muscle of the shoulder blade called Levator.
TV, The two bellies of the fourth muscle of the hyoid bone.
X X, a a, The fifth muscle of the back whose origin is at a a.
Y Y, b b, c c, The sixth muscle of the thigh called Psoas, whose origin is at c c, and tendon at b b.
Z Z, The seventh muscle of the thigh. d, the holy bone.
o o o, the holes of the holy bone out of which the nerves do issue.
e, A portion of the fifth muscle of the thigh arising from the share-bone.
f, the share-bone bared.
k, the ninth muscle of the thigh or the first circumactor.
But before I can come to the description of their origin and insertion, I must admonish thee, that the 2 muscles of the shoulder-blade must first be taken away by dissection; that is, the trapezius, or table-muscle, and the rhomboids, or square-muscle; whose origin and insertion that we may the better demonstrate, (or rather the action by which we seek that origin and insertion,) they must be pulled up, beginning at their insertion, which is at the shoulder-blade (as shall be showed in the proper place) turning them up towards their origin, that is, to the spine. Besides the less rhomboids, the hinder, and upper (called also the dentatus or toothed-muscle) must be raised from its origin, which is at the three lower rack-bones of the neck and the first of the back, and turned up to its insertion, which is at three spaces of the lower ribs nigh to the hind, and upper angle of the shoulder-blade, as shall be showed in fit place hereafter.
These muscles thus raised up, the 4 muscles which erect and extend the head must be taken away, and then those two which move it obliquely, and lastly one which bends, or declines, for thus anatomical order requires. Yet if you think good, you may, not hurting the other, first of all cut away that which is called the Mastoids, which declines or bends the head. For these 4, which lift up and extend the head, the first from the figure of the spleen is called the Splenius, it ascends from the 5 upper spines of the back and the 4 lower of the neck, and is obliquely inserted at the back part of the head and the mammillary process, whence you may raise it towards its origin. The second by reason of its composure is called Complexus; this passing from the third, fourth and fifth transverse process of the back and often from the first of the neck, ascends directly to the back part of the head, encompassing the lower and side part of the neck, you may easily take it up; if you begin at the spine, and so go forwards to the transverse processes and mammillary processes of the nowle bone. This Complexus may be divided into two or three muscles, but that with some difficulty, by reason of its folded texture. The third and fourth, which be two of the eight little muscles, being four on each side, do ascend somewhat obliquely, the first truly from the whole side of the second Vertebra. The second from the whole side of the process of the first Vertebra, which it has instead of a spine; they ascend to the back part of the head just against the spine; these two muscles by the consent of all anatomists are called right, or direct muscles, only moving the head: these truly must not be plucked from the places of their origin, nor insertion, but only bound by a string put under them, that so they may be more easily shown.
On each side follow two oblique muscles, one whereof only moves the head; the other primarily the first Vertebra, but secondarily, and by accident the head itself. For the first, contrary to the opinion of some, it arises from the transverse process of the first rack-bone, and then is inserted, above the insertion of the first right muscle, the which in like manner you must lift up, by some thing put underneath it, but not separate it. The other entering forth of the spine of the second Vertebra, is inserted at the process of the first, contrary to the origin of the precedent, although some think otherwise. It will be convenient in like manner only, to lift up this with a string, and not pluck him from his place, that so you may see how all these make a perfect triangle. The action of this muscle is contrary to the action of the precedent, as the contrariety of its origin and insertion show.
The fifth Figure of the muscles in which some muscles of the head, chest, arm, and shoulder-blade are described.
I, The process of the shoulder-blade, called the top of the shoulder.
O, The fourth muscle of the arm or the greater round muscle, to which Fallopius his right muscle is adjoined, which some call the lesser round muscle.
Q Q The sixth muscle of the arm or the upper bade-rider.
X, The second muscle of the shoulder-blade or the Levator or heaver.
Z, the second muscle of the chest or the greater Saw muscle.
Y, the fifth muscle of the chest or muscle called Sacrolumbus.
αβ, His place wherein he cleaves fast to the longest muscle of the back.
γγ, the Tendons of the muscle obliquely inserted into the ribs.
ΔΔ, the first pair of the muscles of the head or the Splinters.
Ch. 8. 9, their length whose beginning at 8 and insertion at 9.
10, 11. the sides of this muscle.
12, that distance where they depart one from the other.
13, the two muscles called Complexi, near their insertion.
Φ, the second muscle of the back or the Longest muscle.
Ω, the fourth muscle of the back or the Semi-spinatus.
δ, the shoulder-blade bare.
p, A part of the transverse muscle of the Abdomen.
The sixth Figure of the muscles, showing some of the muscles of the head, back, chest, shoulder-blade and arm.
A D, the second pair of the muscles of the head, or the two Complexi, the first part is at A D.
B C. the second part.
E F, the third part rising up under G and inserted at F.
G, the fourth part of this muscle or the right muscle of the head according to Fallopius, which Vesalius made the 4. part of the 2.
G G, (Betwixt the ribs) the external intercostal muscles.
L, the origin of the 2 muscle of the back.
M, His tendons at the rack-bone of the neck.
The upper O the fourth muscle of the arm or the greater round muscle.
O O, the lower, the 6th muscle of the chest, or the Sacrolumbus hanging from his origin.
Q, the sixth muscle of the arm or the upper Bladerider inverted.
V, the third ligament of the joint of the arm.
X, the fourth muscle of the shoulder-blade or the heaver.
Z, the second muscle of the chest or the greater Saw-muscle, the 3rd muscle of the neck called Transuersalis.
π, the 4th muscle of the neck called Spinatus. Σ, the first muscle of the back or the Square muscle.
Φ, the 2nd muscle of the back or the Longest, whose origin is at L and his tendons at the vertebrae at M M.
Ω, the fourth muscle of the back called Spinatus.
δ, the back of the shoulder-blade flayed.
Wherefore when the first oblique moves the head obliquely forwards, the second pulls it back by the first Vertebra, this with his associate of the other side, may be truly termed the proper muscles of the neck, because they belong to no other part; whereas it is contrary in other muscles. But we must note, that the head (according to Galen’s opinion) has two motions, one directly forwards and backwards, as appears in beckoning it forwards; and casting it backwards; the other circular.
The first, in Galen’s opinion, is performed by the first vertebra moved upon the second; the second by the head moved upon the first vertebra; for which he is reproved by the latter anatomists, who teach that the head cannot be turned round or circularly upon the first Vertebra without putting it out of joint.
For the last, which bends the head, it ascends from the upper and side part of the sternum, and the next part of the clavicle, obliquely to the Apophysis Mastoids or mammillary process of the hind part of the head, whence it is called the Mastoideus. You may divide this by reason of its manifold origin rather into two, than into three muscles. But it had been better that the head might have been moved every way, equally backwards and to the right and left sides; but thus it would often have been strained to our great damage and danger of life; neither could there have been such facility of motion without a looseness of the joint. Therefore nature had rather bestow upon the head an harmless faculty of fewer motions, than one furnished with more variety, but with a great deal more uncertainty and danger. Wherefore it has made this juncture not lax or loose, but stiff and strong.
The seventh Figure of the muscles; showing some muscles of the head and chest, the Trapezius or Table-muscle being taken away: as also of the blade and arm.
A, The prominent part of the fourth muscle of the chest called Serratus posticus superior.
Δ, the first muscle of the head called splenius.
E E, the insertion of the second muscle of the head called Complexus.
I, the collar bone bared.
M, the back part of the second muscle of the arm called Deltoid.
ζH, His backward origin.
θ, His implantation into the arm.
N N, the fourth muscle of the arm called Latissimus.
s μ, His origin from the spines of the rack-bones and from the holy bone.
(heart shape) the connection of this muscle with the hanch-bone, which is led in the inside from μ to.
- the place where it lies upon the lower angle of the base of the shoulder-blade.
- the 4 muscles of the arm called Rotundus major.
e, some muscles of the back do here offer themselves.
P, the fifth muscle of the arm called Superscapularis Inferior.
- the sixth muscle of the arm called Superscapularis Superior.
- the beginning of the third muscle of the arm called Latissimus.
- the third muscle of the blade called Rhomboides.
- His origin from the spines of the rackbones.
<in non-Latin alphabet>. His insertion into the base of the shoulder-blade.
χ, the fourth muscle of the blade called Levator.
*A part of the oblique descendent muscle of the Abdomen.
After the showing of these muscles, we must come to three or four of the neck, of which number two (which some reduce to one) extends, another bends, and the last moves side ways, and all of them with a motion succeeding each other turn it about, as we said of the muscles of the head. The first of these which extend, taking its origin from the six transverse processes of the six upper rack-bones of the back, or rather from the root of the oblique, ascends directly to the spine of the second vertebra of the neck, and the oblique process thereof; some call it the Transversarius; that is, the transverse-muscle. This, if you desire to take it away, it is best first to separate it from the spine, then to turn it upwards to the transverse processes; unless you had rather draw it a little from its partner and companion in that place where their origins are distinct, seeing it is the last and next to the bones.
Marvel not, if you find not this distinction of their origin, so plain and manifest, for it is commonly obscure. For the muscle Spinatus, as it most commonly comes to pass, arising from the roots of the seven upper spines of the back, and the last of the neck, is inserted into other spines of the neck, so that it might easily be confounded with the former by Galen. The third bends the neck, and arising within from the body of the five upper vertebrae of the back (though with a very obscure origin, specially in lean bodies) it ascends under the gullet along the neck, even to the nowle-bone, into whose inner part it is obscurely inserted. Wherefore it is likely that it helps not only to bend the neck, but also the head. This muscle is made of oblique fibers proceeding from the body of the vertebrae, all the way it passes to the transverse processes of the other Vertebra. But it seems with its co-partner which is opposite to it, to make a certain hollow path upon the bodies of the vertebrae, to the gullet, and it is called the long muscle. The fourth and last, which we said moves the neck to one side, is called Scalenus from the figure thereof; it ascends from the hinder and upper part of the first rib of the chest, inserting itself into all the transverse processes of the neck by its fibers, which as it were for the same purpose, it has sufficiently long, that it may fasten itself from the furthest or lowest process of the neck into the first or highest thereof. The passage of the nerves through this to the arm makes this muscle seem double or divided into two. For the veins and arteries pertaining to the neck, they have been declared in the proper Chapters of the distributions of the vessels; it remains that you note, all these muscles receive nerves from the vertebrae whence they arise.
The eighth Figure of the muscles; especially of those of the chest, head, and shoulder-blade, the Trapezius, Latissimus, and Rhomboides, being taken away.
A, The 4th muscle of the chest, or the upper and hinder Saw-muscle.
B, the 5th muscle of the chest, or the lower and hinder Saw-muscle.
a, b, A membranous beginning of the muscle of the abdomen, descending obliquely down from the spine of the back.
C, the first muscle extending the Cubit at c, his origin is from the neck of the arm, and from the lower base of the blade at d.
E, the origin of the 4th muscle of the bone hyoid from the blade.
G G, the outward intercostal muscles.
I, the Clavicle or collar-bone bared.
N, the upper, the second muscle of the arm called Deltois, char. 4, 5 the beginning of this muscle.
N, the third muscle of the arm or the broad muscle separated.
O, the fourth muscle of the arm or the lower Super-Scapularis or blade-rider.
1, 2, 3. Char. His origin at the base of the shoulder-blade at 12, and his insertion into the joint of the arm at 3.
- the 6th muscle of the arm or the upper Super-Scapularis.
- the 4th muscle of the blade called Levator or the heaver.
- the 2nd muscle of the chest or the greater Saw-muscle.
- 7. Char. the ribs.
- the 6th muscle of the chest, or the muscle called Sacrolumbus.
<triangle> the 1st muscle of the head or the splinter.
E E. the 2nd muscle of the head or the insertion of the muscles called complexi.
Φ, the 2nd muscle of the back or the longest muscle.
Ω, the 4th muscle of the back called Semispinatus.
The ninth Figure of the muscles, showing the muscles of the Head and neck.
A B, the third pair of the muscles of the head called Recti Majores.
C, the Mammillary process.
D, the transverse process of the first rackbone.
E, the process of the 2nd rackbone of the neck.
F G, the fourth pair of muscles of the head called Recti Minores.
H I, the 5th pair of muscles of the head called Obliqui Superior.
K L, the 6th pair of muscles of the head called Obliqui Inferiores.
X, the 4th pair of muscles of the shoulder-blade.
Λ, the 2nd muscle of the neck called Scalenus, which Falopius makes the 8th muscle of the chest.
Π, the 4th muscle of the neck called spinatus.
Σ, the 1st muscle of the back called Quadratus.
Φ, the 2nd muscle of the back called Longissimus.
a, the sinus or bosome of this muscle, whereby it gives way unto the 3rd muscle of the back, called Sacer.
b, His origin.
ψ, the third muscle of the back called Sacer.
γ, His origin.
δ, His end.
Ω, the 4th muscle of the back called Semispinatus.
〈◊〉, His upper end under the 4th muscle of the neck.
XVIII. Of the muscles of the chest and Loins.
We must now speak of the muscles both of the chest which serve for respiration, as also of the loins. But first we must know that the hind part of the chest called the Metaphrenum, or back, consists of twelve vertebrae, the loins of five, all which differ not from the vertebrae of the neck, but that they are thicker in their bodies than these of the neck; neither are they lesser in holes, neither they have their transverse processes perforated, or parted in two, as the rack-bones of the neck have. Besides each of these rack bones alone by it self, on each side in the lower part thereof makes a hole, through which a nerve has passage from the spinal marrow to the adjacent parts, when on the contrary in the vertebrae of the neck, such holes or passages are not made, but by meeting together of two of them.
Concerning the processes of the rackbones of the chest, whether transverse, right or oblique, they differ nothing from these of the neck (I mean even to the tenth) but that the transverse seeing they are not perforated, as we said before, do as it were sustain the ribs, being straightly bound to them with strong ligaments both proper and common; but after the tenth vertebrae of the back, the two other of the back, and all those of the loins are different, not only from those of the neck, but also from the ten first of the back, by reason of their oblique processes, because from the eleventh (which is received, as well by that which is above it, as by that under it, for the strength of the whole back, and the easier bending thereof without fear of fracture or dislocation) the above mentioned processes of the lower rack-bones which were wont to receive, are received; as on the contrary they receive which were wont to be received. They differ besides from all the aforementioned, by reason of their spines, because from the eleventh they begin little by little to look upwards, contrary to the former.
But if any ask, how the tenth vertebrae of the back may be termed the midst of the spine, being the whole spine consists of twenty four vertebrae? He may know that this may be true, as thus; if the six bones of the holy-bone, and the fourth of the rump (being more gristly than bony) be numbered amongst the bones of the spine; for then from the setting on of the head to the eleventh rack bone of the back, are seventeen in number, and so many from thence downwards.
But let us return to the muscles of the chest serving for respiration. First, you must know that these muscles are fourscore and nine, that is, on each side forty four, alike in strength, thickness, site, and action; and one besides in the midst which they call the diaphragma or midriff. Of these forty four, there are 22 which dilate the chest in drawing in the breath; that is, the Subclavius, the Dentatus, or Serratus major in the opinion of some, both the Rhomboids, or Serrati postici; the oblique ascendent of the lower belly, the eleven Intercostales, and the six Intercartilaginei externi. On the contrary, as many contract the breast in expiration; to wit, the Sacrolumbus, the oblique descendent, the Right and transverse of the lower belly, the inner Triangular, the six Intercartilaginei, and the eleven inner Intercostals. Of these twenty two dilating the chest, the first, from the site is called the Subclavius, for it descends obliquely from the inner and forepart of the Clavicula or Coller bone, into the gristle of the first rib, even to the sternum, and dilates it. The second is the Serratus major, the greater Saw-muscle arising according to the opinion of some from the whole base of the shoulder-blade on the inside, and it is transversely inserted into the nine upper ribs, producing certain toothed or saw-like processes running further to the bones of the rib, than to the spaces between them, or intercostal muscles, whereupon it has the name of the saw-muscle; yet some have referred this muscle to them of the shoulder-blade. The third descends from the three lower spines of the neck, and the first of the back, by means of a membranous and most thin ligament, into the three or four upper ribs, running further into their spaces or intercostal muscles, than into the ribs themselves, whereupon it is called Serratus posterior, and superior, that is, the hinder and upper saw-muscle. The fourth in like manner ascends by means of a membranous and thin ligament from the three upper spines of the loins, and the two last of the chest, or back, into three or four of the lower, or last of the bastard ribs, sent forth further into them or their bones, than into the intercostal muscles possessing the spaces between them, wherefore it is called Serratus posterior and inferior, the hinder and lower saw-muscle. Moreover these two last muscles have been called by a common name from their figure the Rhomboids, that is, the square muscles. The 5th which we said was the ascendent of the Epigrastrium, has already been sufficiently described in his place. The eleven Intercostales externi, or external intercostal muscles descend obliquely from the back part of the lower side of the upper rib, into the fore-part of the upper side of the rib lying next under it, after a quite contrary manner to the six Intercartilaginei, who having like origin and insertion amongst the gristles, as the intercostal amongst the ribs, descend obliquely from the forepart backwards. And thus much of the muscles dilating the chest in inspiration.
But the first, of the other muscles, being as many in number, which contract the chest in expiration, arising from the holy-bone, and the oblique processes of the loins, ascends (firmly and confusedly adhering with the Musculus sacer, or holy-muscle, which we shall describe hereafter) to the roots of the twelve ribs, imparting in the ascent a small tendon to each of them, by which it draws these ribs towards the transverse processes; and by reason of its origin it is called Sacrolumbus, that is, the Holy loin-muscle.
The second, third, and fourth, which we said were the oblique descendent, right, and transverse of the Epigrastium, have been formerly described in their place.
But by the way you must note that these three muscles of the Epigastrium help expiration rather by accident, than of themselves, to wit, by driving back the midriff towards the lungs by the entrails, which also they force upwards, by drawing the parts into which they are inserted towards their origin. The fifth which we called the Triangulus, or Triangular, may be called the Compressor of the gristles, which proceeding from the inner sides of the sternum, goes to all the gristles of the true ribs; this is more apparent under the sternum in beasts, than in men, though it be not very obscure in them neither. For the internal intercostal muscles, in my judgment, they arise from the lower sides of the upper rib, and descending obliquely from the fore part backwards, are inserted into the upper side of the rib next under it; so that they may follow the production of the fibers of the external Intercartilaginei; as the six internal Intercartilaginei follow the site of the external intercostal proceeding from behind forwards; wherefore as well the intercostal, as the Intercartilaginei, every where intersect each other, after the similitude of the letter X. I know some have written that the internal muscles (whether intercostal or Intercartalaginei) ascend from the upper sides of the lower rib forwards, or backwards.
But if this were true, it would follow that these muscles admitted their nerves in their tail and not in their head, seeing the nerve always goes under the rib, and not above it.
The last muscle of the chest, that is, the Diaphragma or midriff, is sufficiently described before; wherefore it remains we describe the muscles of the loins. These are six in number, on each side three, equal in thickness, strength and situation; one of these bends, and the other two extend the loins; it is called by reason of the figure the Triangulus, or Triangular which bends the loins, it ascends from a great part of the hind side of the Hanch-bone into the transverse processes of the loins, and the last of the chest on the inside, for which cause it is made of fibers short, long, and indifferent, answering to the nearness or distance of the said processes. The first of the extenders is called the Semispinatus, because even to the middle of its body it takes the origin from the spines of the holy-bones and loins; this with its oblique fibers ascends from all the said spines to the transverse processes as well of the loins as chest. The other is called Sacer, the Holy-muscle, because it takes its origin from the Holy-bone, or the sides thereof; it ascends with its oblique fibers to the spines of the loins, and of the eleven lower Rack-bones of the chest.
XIX. Of the muscles of the Shoulder-Blade.
Now we must describe the muscles of the extreme parts, and first of the arm, taking our beginning from these of the shoulder-blade. But first, that we may the better understand their description, we must observe the nature and condition of the shoulder-blade. Therefore the blade bone on that part, which lies next unto the ribs, is somewhat hollowed; wherefore on the other side it somewhat buncles out. It has two ribs, one above, another below: by the upper is meant nothing else than a border or right line, which looking towards the temples is extended from the exterior angle thereof under the collar-bone, even to the process Coracoides which this rib produces in the end thereof: By the lower, the underside which lies towards the lower belly and the short ribs.
Besides in this shoulder-blade we observe the base, head and spine. By the base we understand the broader part of the shoulder-blade, which looks towards the back-bone. By the head we understand the narrower part thereof, in which it receives the head of the arm in a cavity, indifferently hollow, which it produces both by itself, as also by certain gristles, which there fastened encompass that cavity. This kind of cavity is called Glene.
This receives and contains the bone of the arm, by a certain strong ligament encompassing and strengthening the joint, which kind of ligament is common to all other joints; this ligament arises from the bottom of the cavity of the shoulder-blade, and circularly encompasses the whole joint, fastening itself to the head of the arm; there are also other ligaments besides this, which encompass and strengthen this articulation. By the spine is meant a process, which rising little by little upon the gibbous part of the blade, from the base thereof where it was low and depressed, becomes higher until it ends in the Acromion, or upper part thereof. Nature has made two productions in this bone (that is to say, the Acromion from the spine, and the Coracoides from the upper side) for the strengthening of the articulation of the arm and shoulder-blade, that is, lest the arm should be easily strained upward or forwards; besides, it is fastened to the clavicle, by the process Acromion.
The muscles which move the shoulder-blade are six in number, of which four are proper, and two common. The first of the four proper seated in the forepart, ascends from the bones of five or six of the upper ribs, to the Coracoides, which it draws forwards, and is called Serratus minor, that is, the Lesser saw-muscle; which that you may plainly show, it is fit you pull the pectoral muscle from the collar-bone, almost to the middle of the Sternum. The other first opposite against it, is placed on the fore side, and draws its origin from the three lower spines of the neck, and the three upper of the chest, from whence it extends itself, and ends into all the gristly basis of the shoulder-blade, drawing it backwards; it is called the Rhomboids. The third from its action, is called the Levator, or the heaver, or lifter up, seated in the upper part, it descends from the transverse processes of the four first Vertebrae of the neck into the upper angle and spine of the blade. The fourth called Trapezius, or the Table-muscle, is seated in the back part, and is membranous at the origin, but presently becomes fleshy: it arises from almost all the back-part of the head, from all the spines of the neck, and the eight upper Vertebrae of the chest, and then is inserted by his nervous part, almost into the whole basis of the blade, extending itself above the muscles thereof, even to the midst of its spine, where being fleshy it is inserted even to the Acromion, the upper part of the clavicle, and in some sort to the upper rib. This muscle has a threefold action, by reason of its triple origin. The first is to draw the shoulder-blade towards its origin, that is, to the nowle, and spine of the neck; the other is to draw it towards the back, because of the contraction of the middle or transverse fibers which lead it directly thither; and the other is to draw it downwards by reason of the origin it has from the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eight spine of the Vertebrae of the Chest.
But we must note that these diverse actions are not performed by this muscle, by the assistance of one only nerve, but by more, which come into it by the spinal marrow, by the holes of the vertebrae, as well of the neck as the chest, from whence it takes the origin. For the two other which are the common muscles of the blade, and arm, or shoulder, we will describe them with the muscles of the shoulder or arm: for one of these which is called the Latissimus, that is, the broadest, ascends from the holy-bone to the shoulder-blade and arm.
The other named the Pectoralis comes from the sternum and collar-bone to the shoulder-blade and arm.
XX. The Description of the Hand Taken in General.
Now it befits us to to describe in order the muscles of the arm; but first we must know, what it is that we call the arm. But seeing that cannot fitly be understood, unless we know what the hand is, seeing that the arm is a part of the hand; therefore first we must define what a hand is, and then divide it into its parts. Therefore the hand is taken two manner of ways, that is, generally and specially.
The hand generally taken, signifies all that which is contained from the joining of the arm to the shoulder-blade, even to the ends of the fingers. But in particular it signifies only that which is comprehended from the furthest bones of the cubit, or the beginning of the wrist, to the very fingers ends.
Therefore the hand in general is an instrument of instruments made for to take up and hold any thing. It is composed of three great parts, that is, of the arm, cubit, and hand, vulgarly, and properly so called; but the hand taken thus in particular is again divided in three other parts, the Carpus or Brachiale, the wrist, the Metacarpium, or Postbrachiale, the afterwrist, and the fingers; all these parts (seeing each of them are not only organic parts, but also parts of organic parts) are composed of all, or certainly of the most of the similar parts; that is, of both the skins, the fleshy pannicle, the fat veins, arteries, nerves, muscles or flesh, coats both common and proper, bones, gristles and ligaments, all which we will describe in their order.
But first I think good to admonish you of the differences of the hand taken from the site thereof; and these differences are six in number, the fore, the hind, the internal, the external, the upper and lower side or part thereof.
By the fore we mean that part which looks directly from the thumb to the shoulder: by the hind, we understand the part opposite to it, which from the little finger looks towards the base of the shoulder-blade. By the inside we signify that part which lies next to the sides of the body, when the hand retains its natural site; by the outside, the part opposite to it. The upper and lower side you may know by the very naming thereof.
The hand properly so called is divided into five fingers, that so it may hold and take up bodies of all figures, as round, triangular, square and the like, and gather up the least bodies with the fingers ends, as needles, pins, and such like.
Nature has bestowed two hands upon us, that so they may help each other, each moving to each side. But for the taking up and holding of small bodies it was fit, that the fingers of their own nature soft, should be armed with nails, that consisting of soft flesh and a hard nail, they might serve for all actions; for the nail is a stay to the soft flesh, which otherwise would turn away in meeting with a hard body; the use of the nails is to scratch, shave, and pull off the skin, to rend, pinch, and pluck asunder small bodies. They have not bony hardness, that so they might not break, but bend.
Yet other creatures have hard nails, to serve them instead of weapons. Their figure is round, because such a figure is less obnoxious to external injuries; and by reason they are subject to wearing, they grow continually.
Nature has placed flesh on the inner and side part of the fingers, so to press more straightly the things they once take hold of, so that by holding them close together, we can hold water that it may not run out. The length of the fingers is unequal, that when they are opened and stretched forth, they make as it were a circular figure; for so it comes to pass, that the hand can hold all bodies, but especially round.
It remains that we prosecute the distribution of the veins, arteries, and sinews, which run over all the parts of the hand taken in general and particular, whereby we may more commodiously hereafter handle all the proper parts thereof.
XXI. The Distribution of the Subclavian Vein, And First Of the Cephalica, or Humeraria.
Two large veins descend from the Subclavian, one from the lower side, the other from the higher. Yet sometimes, and most usually, both these proceed from the same common orifice, as in men of a low stature in the arm. The one of these is called the Axillaris, the other the Humeraria, or Cephalic; therefore this Cephalic passing forth of the Subclavian runs superficially along the foreside between the muscle Deltoids, and the Tendon of the pectoral muscle, and descends in the midst between the common coate of the muscles and the fleshy pannicle, even to the bending of the cubit, where in lean bodies it is plainly to be seen, whereas in fat bodies it is hardly to be perceived, being as it were buried in abundance of fat. This vein having in its descent, sent forth some small branches, both to the skin, as also to certain muscles over which it runs, is divided into two, a little above the outward protuberation of the arm. One of the branches into which it is divided descending obliquely to the fore part of the cubit, a little below the bending of the cubit, it meets, and is united with the like branch in the same place, as shall be shown hereafter.
That which arises from this concourse is called the median vein, because it arises from two branches, and is seated between them. They usually open this median vein in the diseases of the head and liver, which require Phlebotomy; but if it shall not be sufficiently manifest, when you judge it must be opened, for a general evacuation of the whole body; you may cut one of these branches, by whose concourse it is made, which you shall think the fitter; and because each branch draws from the next parts, according to the straightness of the fibers, rather than from the opposite side; if you would evacuate the head, and liver equally, by opening either of these branches; it is convenient that opening that branch (for example) which comes from the Cephalic, you presently lay your thumb upon it, until you suppose, you have drawn a just quantity of blood from the liver, by the Basilica, or liver vein; which done, you may take off your thumb, and suffer the blood to follow freely, by the open branch of the Cephalic, until you have drawn as much blood as you shall judge requisite; otherwise you will draw it but from one part, to wit, the head. So you shall evacuate it only from the liver, if you open the branch which comes from the Basilica, and concurs to the generation of the median.
Moreover, when there is need to open the Basilica, and it shall be nowhere conspicuous, the Cephalic or median being easy to be discerned at the same time, you may instead thereof open the median, or if it be not to be found, the Cephalic, pressing but the trunk thereof with your thumb, as we said before, lest the head should be evacuated instead of the liver. You may do the same in the Basilica, if when there shall be necessity to open the Cephalic, it shall not appear. Most of those which at this day open a vein, instead of the median, open that branch of the Basilica which ascends, together with the Cephalic to make the median. But you must understand that the median descends between the two bones of the cubit, even to the end thereof, and then divided into many branches, it is at length spent on the back of the hand behind the thumb, the fore and middle fingers, or the afterwrist. Sometimes it runs back into the following branch, and then at the wrist it departs from it, to be bestowed upon the forementioned parts. The other branch of the Cephalic, which we may call the fore and outward Cephalic, descending directly down to the midst of the wand, thence wanders overthwart into the hind part of the arm, where increased with a branch from the Basilica, it is distributed over all the back of the hand, which with the median it nourishes. But the branches of these veins do so run through the forenamed parts, that by the way, they yield them necessary provision.
XXII. The Description of the Axillary Vein.
The Axillary, arising at the insertion of the pectoral muscle, or a little higher, after it has produced the two Thoracicae, it is divided under the tendon of that muscle into two fair branches, that is to say, into the inner deep Axillary, and the skin or outward axillary. The deep or inner having still for his companion in his descent, the axillary artery, and the nerves of the third conjugation, after it has produced the small external musculous of the arm, it goes into the bending of the elbow, where running somewhat deep with the artery and nerve into the muscles of the cubit, it is divided into three other branches, of which one descending with the wand, slides under the ring, into the inner side of the hand, and has bestowed two small branches on the thumb, two others on the fore, and one upon the middle finger, so that all of them ascend by the sides of these fingers, the other descending with the artery, as the former alongst the cubit, sends branches to the rest of the fingers, like as the former. The third goes on the foreside between the two bones even to the wrist, and the square muscle.
But you must note that the veins of which we now treat, do not only make these divisions mentioned by us, but infinite others besides, as well in the parts which they go to, as also in the inner muscles of the hand which they nourish.
And thus much of the internal and deep axillary vein. For the external or skin Axillary (which first appears under the skin, especially in lean bodies, a little above the inward production of the arm) it is divided in that place into two branches, the one whereof descending to the bending of the arm meets, and is united with the cephalic branch, sooner or later, that so it may produce the median, as we formerly mentioned.
The other branch having sent forth many shoots of a different length and thickness, as well into the skin, as into the other neighboring parts, descending alongst the lower side of the bone of the cubit, properly so called, is at length spent upon the fore and outward cephalic branch, which we said descended alongst the wand; and thus united, they run over all the hand, where in the right hand, between the middle and fore finger, they make the Salvatella; but in the left, in the same place, they produce the Splenitica.
But always remember, (if in dissection you find any thing otherwise than we have delivered it) that the distribution of the vessels is so various (especially in the hands) that there can no certain rule be delivered thereof.
XXIII. The Distribution of the Axillary Artery.
The axillary artery from the first origin, which is presently after the two Thoracica, descending between the muscle called Biceps, or the two headed muscle, and the Brachiaeus, with the deep axillary vein, distributes a large branch amongst the outward muscles of the arm, which extend the cubit, and is spent in the external muscles of the same, which arise without, from the productions of the arm.
And this is called the Ramus Musculus, or Musculous branch, as also the vein that accompanies this artery. Then this artery when it comes to the bending of the cubit, thrusting itself into the muscles bending the fingers, communicates certain branches to the parts pertaining to the dearticulation of the cubit with the shoulder, and other parts there situate, as it did in the upper parts, by which it descended hither. Verily it may be a general rule; that every vessell sends or bestows certain portions thereof by the way to all the parts by which it passes. But if you should ask why I have not prosecuted these productions; I would answer; I never intended to handle other than large and fair branches of vessels, by rash incision of which, there may happen danger of death or a disease. For it would be both an infinit and needless business to handle all the small divarications of the veins, arteries and nerves. Therefore this artery sunk into these muscles, when it comes almost to the midst of the cubit, presently or a little after it is divided into two large branches, the one of which along the wand, and the other along the cubit is carried into the hand on the inside under the ring. For both these branches are distributed and spent upon the hand after the same manner as the branches of the internal Axillary vein, that is, having sent by the way some little shoots into the parts by which they pass, at the length the branch which descends by the wand of the remainder thereof, bestows two sprigs upon the thumb, on each side one, and two in like manner on the fore finger, and one on the middle; the other which runs along the ell, performs the like office to the little and the middle or ring finger, as you may see by dissection.
XXIV. Of the nerves of the neck, back, and arm.
Now we should handle the sinews of the arm, but because these proceed from the nerves of the neck and back, I think it fit therefore to speak something of them in the first place.
Therefore from the neck there proceed seven pairs of nerves, the first of which proceeds from the nowle bone, and the first vertebra of the neck; as also the first pair of the back from the last vertebra of the neck and the first of the chest. But all these nerves are divided into two or more branches of the first pair (that is to say, on each side) go, the one to the small right muscle, ascending from the first rack-bone of the neck to the nowle bone, the other to the long muscle on the foreside of the neck.
The branches of the second pair are distributed, some with a portion which they receive from the third pair over all the skin of the head; the two others go as well to the muscles, which are from the second vertebra to the back part of the head, and from the same to the first vertebra, as also to the long muscle before mentioned.
One of the third pair of sinews is communicated to the head, as we said before, but others to the muscles which extend, or erect the head and the neck; there is also one of these distributed into the neighboring side muscle and part of the long.
The nerves of the fourth pair go, one to the muscles as well of the neck as the head, and to the broad muscle; the other after it has sent some portion thereof into the long muscle and the side muscles of the neck, it descends with a portion of the fifth and sixth pair to the midriff. One of the branches of the fifth pair is bestowed on the hind muscles of the neck and head, the other upon the long muscle and midriff; the third is communicated to the levatores, or heaving muscles of the arm and shoulder.
One of the nerves of the sixth pair goes to the hind muscles of the neck and head, another to the midriff, the third with a portion of the seventh pair of the neck, and of the first and second of the chest go to the arms and heaving muscles of the shoulder-blade.
One of the branches of the seventh pair runs to the broad muscle and to the neighboring muscles both of the neck and head; another increased with a portion of the fifth and sixth pair of the neck, and a third joined to the second and third pair of the chest descending into the arm go to the hand.
But you must note that the muscles which take their origin from many vertebrae, whether from above downwards, or from below upwards, admit nerves not only from the vertebrae, from whence they take their origin, but also from them which they come near in their descent, or ascent!
There pass twelve conjugations of nerves from the Rack-bones of the Chest.
The first entering forth from between the last Rack-bone of the neck and the first of the chest, is divided (that is, on each side, each nerve from his side) into two or more portions, as also all the rest. Therefore the branches of this first conjugation goe some of them to the arms, as we said before, others to the muscles as well these of the chest, as others arising there, or running that way.
The branches of the second conjugation are distributed to the same parts, that these of the first were.
But the branches of all the other conjugations even to the twelfth, are communicated, some to the intercostal muscles running within under the true ribs even to the sternum, and under the bastard ribs even to the right and long muscles; and the Costal Nerves of the sixth conjugation are augmented by meeting these intercostal branches by the way as they descend by the roots of the ribs. Other particles of the said nerves are communicated to the muscles as well of the chest, as spine, as the same muscles pass forth, or run alongst by the vertebrae, from whence these nerves have either their origin, or passage forth.
Having thus therefore shown the origin of the sinews of the arm, it remains that we show their number and distribution.
Their number is five or six; proceeding from the fifth, sixth, and seventh vertebra of the neck, and the first and second of the chest. The first of which not mixed with any other from the fifth vertebra of the neck, goes to the muscle deltoids and the skin which covers it.
The other 4 or 5 when they have mutually embraced each other, not only from their first origin but even to the shoulder, where they free themselves from this convolution, are distributed after the following manner.
The first and second descending to the muscle mentioned a little before, and thence sometimes even to the hand, is by the way communicated to the muscle biceps, and then under the said muscle it meets and is joined with the third nerve. Thirdly it is communicated with the longest muscle of the cubit, in the bending whereof it is divided into two branches descending along the two bones of the cubit, until at last born up by the fleshy pannicle it is spent upon the skin and inner side of the hand.
The third lower than this, is first united with the second, under the muscle biceps, then straight way separated from it, it sends a portion thereof to the arm which lies under it, and to the skin thereof; lastly at the bending of the cubit on the fore side, it is mingled with the fifth pair.
The fourth, the largest of all the rest, coming down below the third branch under the biceps with the internal Axillary vein and Artery, is turned towards the outward and back part of the arm, there to communicate itself to the muscles extending the cubit, and also to the inner skin of the arm and the exterior of the cubit; the remainder of this branch when in its descent it has arrived at the joint of the cubit, below the bending thereof it is divided into two branches, the one whereof descending alongst the cubit is spent on the outside of the wrist; the other associating the wand is on the outside in like manner in two branches bestowed upon the thumb, and in as many upon the fore finger, and by a fifth upon the middle finger though more obscurely.
The fifth branch being also lower than the rest, sliding between the muscles bending and extending the cubit, when it comes behind the inner protuberation of the cubit (in which place we said before the third branch meets with this) it is communicated to the internal muscles of the same, and then divided into three portions one of which on the outside along the middle of the cubit goes in two sprigs to the little finger, and so many to the middle finger, and one to the Ring finger; the other two, the one without and the other within the Ring, go to the hand, where after each of them has bestowed what was requisite on the muscles of the hand, they are wasted into other five small portions, of which these which are from that portion which descends without the Ring, send two sprigs to the little, two to the fore and one to the middle finger; but these which come from that which passes under the Ring, by such a distribution communicates itself to other fingers, as two sprigs to the thumb, two to the fore and one to the middle finger. The sixth the lowest and last runs between the skin and fleshy Pannicle, by the inner protuberation of the arm, and then is spent upon the skin of the cubit.
XXV. The Description of the bone of the arm, and the muscles which move it.
Because we cannot perfectly demonstrate the origin of the muscles of the arm, (especially of the two arm muscles) without knowing the description of this bone, first, therefore we will describe it, then return to the origin of the muscles arising from thence. The bone of the arm is the greatest of all the bones in the body, except the thigh-bone; it is round, hollow and filled with marrow, with a great appendix or head on the top thereof, having an indifferent neck, to which it is knit by symphysis, for appendices are no otherwise united to their bones. In the lower part thereof it has two processes, or protuberations, one on the fore side, another on the hind, between which swellings there is a cavity like to half the compass of a wheel, about which the cubit is moved. The extremities of this cavity ends in two holes, of which one is the more external, the other more internal: these cavities receive the heads of the cubit, that is, the fore, or internal receives the fore process when the arm is bended inwards, but the external or hinder the exterior, as it is extended.
For the head of the arm, it has a double connection, the one with its own neck by symphysis, that is, a natural union of the bones without any motion; the other with the lightly ingraven cavity of the shoulder-blade, which we call glene, by that kind of dearticulation which is called Arthrodia; this connection is made firm and stable by the muscles descending into the arm from the shoulder-blade, as also by the proper ligaments descending from the circle and brow of the cavity of the acromion and coracoids to this head of the arm; this same head of the arm is, as it were, more cleft and open on the inner side, than on the fore side, that so it may give way to one of the ligaments coming from the shoulder-blade to the muscle biceps. For as much as belongs to the lower end of the bone of the arm (which we said has two processes) we may say that it is fastened to the bones of the cubit by two sorts of articulation, that is, by ginglymos with the ell or proper bone of the cubit, and by arthrodia with the radius or wand, which in a lightly engraven cavity receives the fore process of the arm, and is turned about it for the motion of the hand. The hinder process is chiefly added for the safety and preservation of the veins, arteries and nerves.
These things thus shown, it is worth our labor to know the figure of the arm itself, as it lies between the forementioned appendices and processes, that in the case of a fracture, we may know how conveniently to restore it; therefore first we must understand that this bone is somewhat bended and hollowed on the inside under the cleft of the head thereof, but bunching out on the out and fore side.
Wherefore seeing it must be moveable forwards and backwards, upwards and downwards, Nature, for the performance of so many motions, has furnished it with eight muscles, which are six proper and two common with the shoulder-blade. Of which number, two move it forwards, two backwards, two upwards and downwards. Which must not be understood so, as that these two muscles should move it directly forwards inclining either upwards, nor downwards; and the other two should move it so upwards, as it should incline neither forward, nor backwards; but thus, that it cannot be moved neither to this nor that part unless by the help and proper action of this or that muscle. Thus therefore if the pectoral with his associate perform their duty or action, the arm is always moved forwards, as it is lifted up by the action of the deltoids and his companion, and so of the rest.
Table 24. shows the Brain together with the Aster-brain, the spinal marrow and the nerves of the whole body.
A, That part of the brain that is next to the nostrils.
B, That part which is at the side of the ventricles.
C, The back part of the brain.
D, The cerebellum or After-brain.
E, The Mamillary process in the right side.
F, The origin of the optic nerve.
G, Their conjunctions.
H, The coat into which the optic nerve is extended.
I, The second pair of the sinews of the brain.
K, The lesser root of the third conjugation.
L, The thick root of the same conjugation according to the common opinion.
M, The fourth conjugation of the sinews
N, The lesser root of the fifth pair.
O, The bigger root of the same pair:
P, The small membrane of the ear which they call the Tympany.
Q, The lower branch of the bigger root of the fifth conjugation.
S, The sixth pair of sinews.
T, The seventh pair.
V, The beginning of the spinal marrow out of the middle of the basis of the brain.
X, The right sinew of the Midriff cut off.
Y, A branch from the fifth pair creeping to the top of the shoulder.
Z, The first nerve of the arm from whence there goes a branch to the skin.
A, The second nerve of the arm, and a branch there from into the first muscle of the cubit.
B, The third nerve of the arm and a branch going to the skin on the outside.
C, A branch from the 3rd nerve to the 2nd muscle of the cubit.
D, The congress or meeting of the second nerve with the third.
E, A small branch from the 3rd nerve to the 2nd muscle of the Radius.
F, The distribution of the second nerve into two branches.
The lesser branch of this division lengthened out to the skin as far as the thumb.
a, The place of the spinal marrow where it issues out of the brain.
1, 2, 3, & c. Thirty pairs of nerves arising from the spinal marrow are here noted by their Char. that is to say, 7th of the neck, 12th of the chest, 5th of the loins and 6th of the holy-bone.
b, The thicker branch of the 2nd nerve divided into 2 parts.
c, Branches of the 3rd nerve sprinkled here and there.
d, Nerves from the third pair to the thumb, the forefinger and the middle finger.
ee, The 4th nerve of the arm.
f, The passage hereof through the inside of the shoulder.
g, A tripartition of this branch where it touches the cubit.
hh, A branch distributed from the 4 nerve to the outward skin of the cubit.
i, the upper branch of the division of the 4 nerve.
kk, A branch of i, reaching to the outside of the hand.
ll, the lower branch of the division of the 4 nerve passing through the backside of the cubit.
m, the fifth nerve of the arm.
n, Branches of this nerve dispersed here and there,
oo, A branch of the 5th nerve reaching to the inside of the hand and the fingers.
- A surcle of the branch o, derived to the outside of the hand and the fingers.
qq, the 6th nerve of the arm and the course thereof under the skin.
rr, the intercostal nerves there cut off where they are together with the ribs reflected forward.
ss, branches on each side running backward.
tt, nerves attaining unto the chest.
uu, the commixtion of the nerves rr, with the descending branch of the 6. conjugation of the brain.
xx, nerves from the loins led unto this place.
y, A branch going to the testicle here cut off.
z, A nerve reaching to the 1st muscle of the thigh.
c, the 1st nerves of the leg.
αβ, A surcle of the former nerve derived to the skin at α, and inserted into the muscles at β. γ, the 2nd nerve of the leg.
δδδ, A nerve from the former, allowed unto the skin as low as to the foot, and passing along the inside of the leg.
ε, a branch of the 2nd nerve running unto the muscles.
ζ, the 3rd nerve of the leg.
n, a surcle thereof unto the skin.
θ, another surcle unto the muscles.
n, the 4th nerve of the leg.
xx, the anterior propagations of the nerves proceeding from the holybone.
λ, the end of the spinal marrow.
μ, a branch from the 4th nerve inserted into the muscles arising from the Coxendix or hip bone.
ν, another branch going to the skin of the thigh on the backside.
ξ, a propagation derived to the 4th muscle of the leg and to the skin of the knee.
oo, nerves attaining to the heads of the muscles of the foot.
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the division of the 4: crurall nerve into two trunks.
σ, a branch from the trunk
π, dispersed into the outward skin of the leg.
τ, a surcle of the trunk π, derived to the muscles.
ν, another surcle to the skin of the leg on the foreside., a branch of the trunk ρ, to the skin of the inside of the leg and of the foot. χ, a surcle of the trunk ρ, to the hindmost skin of the leg.
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a branch of the whole trunk ρ, led along to the forward part of the leg and the soot?
ω, the descent of the trunk ρ, into the foot.
But to come to the origin and insertion of these muscles; the one of these two which move the arm forwards, called by reason of his origin, the pectoral, arising from more than half of the collar bone, and almost all the sternum and the 6, 7, and 8 rib, goes up and fastens itself to the coracoids, by a membrane or a membranous tendon sufficiently strong (for which cause it is said to be common to the shoulder and arm) and it goes into the arm between the muscles deltoids and biceps with a strong tendon composed of fibers crossing each other, of which some descend from the collar-bone and the upper part of the sternum, others ascend from the lower origin hereof, that is, from the 6th, 7th, and 8th ribs: and although the action of this muscle be diverse, by reason of the diversity of its fibers arising from diverse places, yet always it draws the arm forwards, whether it be moved upwards, downwards, or to the breast; the other which is his companion descends from the whole lip or brow of the simous or hollow part of the blade, which it fills in the forepart of the arm near the head thereof. For the two levators, or the lifters up of the arm, the first named deltoids, descends from almost half the clavicle, the process acromion and all the spine of the shoulder-blade into the foreside of the arm the breadth of four fingers below the joint. It has diverse actions according to the diversity of the fibers, as also every muscle has; yet howsoever it is contracted, whether by the fibers from the clavicle alone, or by the spinal alone, or by both at once, it always lifts and heaves the arm upwards. The other, which is his associate, descends from the gibbous part of the shoulder-blade contained between the upper rib thereof and the spine between the processes acromion and coracoids, to the neck of the arm; and this we will call the epomis or scapularis, that is, the shoulder muscle. But the first and larger of the two muscles, which draw the arm backwards, arises from the greatest part of the utter lip of the gibbous part of the shoulder-blade, which is under the spine thereof, and lying upon the blade itself, it goes into the hind part of the arm above the neck thereof. The other which is contiguous to it and his partner in working, but lesser, passes from the upper and exterior part of the lower rib of the shoulder-blade, and thence, as it were, in some sort extending itself upon the gibbous part thereof near unto that rib, it goes into the arm. This muscle seems to be the same with the former, being fleshy without even above the top of the shoulder. One and the lesser of these two, which draw downwards, enters out from the straight line of the lower rib of the blade, and goes into the lower part of the arm about the neck thereof.
The other called the latissimus, or broadest, ascends from the spines of the holy-bone, of the loins, and often also from the nine lower of the chest, by the lower corner of the shoulder-blade into which it is inserted by a membranous tendon, as also it is into the inner part of the arm near unto the neck by another strong tendon; whereupon this muscle is called a common muscle of the shoulder and arm. But when this muscle happens to be wounded, the arm cannot easily be stretched forth or lifted up.
XXVI. The description of the bones of the cubit and the muscles moving them.
After these muscles follow those which bend and extend the cubit, but because their insertion cannot be fitly demonstrated unless the bones of the cubit be first described; therefore first of all we will delineate the bones themselves. But verily lest this doubtful word cubit should cause obscurity, first we must note that it has a threefold signification; for ofttimes it is used for all that part of the hand which lies between the arm and wrist, oft times for the lower bone of this part, sometimes for the upper part of this bone which is turned within the orb or cavity of the arm (no otherwise than a cord in the wheel of a pulley) and this is called the olecranon. Here truly we use this word cubit in the first signification. Wherefore we say the cubit is composed of two bones, the one of which we call the radius or wand, or the lesser focile of the arm; the other we properly call the cubit or ell. These two bones stick together at their ends being firmly bound together by strong ligaments; but the middle parts of them are a pretty way distant from each other, and chiefly towards their lower ends, for the better situation and passage of the muscles and vessels from the inner side, to the exterior, as shall be shown in fit place. The wand has two epiphyses or appendices, the one at the upper end, the other at the lower. The upper is round and hollowed on the surface like a basin, it receives the fore process of the bone of the arm, bound to the same by strong ligaments, descending as well from that process of the arm, as the olecranon into the circumjacent parts of this appendix of the wand. This connection is made for this use, that we may turn our hand upwards and down-wards by the cubit turned and twined about this process. But the lower appendix of this wand is hollowed on the inside that so it might more commodiously receive the bones of the wrist, but gibbous without, that it might be safer; now this wand is softer and thicker at the lower end, but lesser and harder above, where on the inside it has a swelling out, whereby to receive the muscle biceps, besides on the outside of the middle thereof it is somewhat gibbous and round, so to become more safe from the injuries of external bodies; but it is hollowed, or bended on the inside for the better taking or holding any thing in the hand. But that side which lies next to the ell is flatted for the fitter origin and seat of the muscles; lastly it is seated upon the bone of the cubit, or ell, just against the thumb. But the ell, or bone of the cubit properly and particularly so called, has in like manner two appendices, the one above, the other beneath. The upper which also is the greater, is fitted to the orb of the arm, in which it goes to and again for the extension and bending of the arm, no otherwise than a rope runs in a pulley but that it turns not absolutely and perfectly round, which is caused by the two processes of unequal size, the which are therefore stayed in the holes or cavities of the bone of the arm, the greater process which we called olecranon is letted by the exterior hole that so the extension of the arm can be no further, but the lesser process by the inner hole makes the bending thereof the less perfect. The composure of these bones is by ginglymos, and it is strengthened not only by common ligaments coming from the muscles, which move the bones themselves, but also by proper ligaments descending from the processes of the arm and the lips of the holes and cavities standing about the appendix of the cubit. The other lower and lesser appendix is in some sort hollow on the inside for the fitter receiving the bones of the wrist, but the outside is round and ends in a point, whence it is called by the Greeks styloids. But now this ell (contrary in this to the wand) is thicker towards the arm, but slenderer towards the wrist. And besides in the thicker part thereof it is hollowed or bended towards the inside, and in the same place is gibbous or bunching forth on the out side; but it is round and straight, unless on that side which lies next the wand, for the rest, it is hollow and full of marrow like the wand. The site of the radius or wand is oblique, but that of the cubit or ell is right, that the arm might be the better and more easily moved; because the motion by which the arm is extended and bended is according to a right line, but that by which the inside of the hand is turned upwards and downwards, is performed obliquely and circularly. Wherefore it was expedient that the wand should be oblique, and the cubit straight for the cubit-bone is appointed for to extend and bend the arm; but the wand to perform the wheeling and turning about thereof, and this is the cause that it was fitting there should be a different connection of these bones with the arm. These things were fitting to be spoken concerning the nature of these bones, that in the cure of fractures we may work the more safely and happily, taking indication from that which is agreeable to nature: wherefore now it remains that we come to the description of the muscles which are seated in the arm, the cubit-bone, or ell. These are 4 in number, two extending it, and two bending it. The first of the benders is called biceps, by reason of its two heads; the one whereof descends from the coracoids, that other from the lip of the cavity of the shoulder-blade by the fissure or clift of the head of the bone of the arm. These two heads under the neck of this arm becoming fleshy, are firmly united at the belly and midst of the arm, and thus united are at length implanted by a strong tendon to the inner protuberation of the wand. The other is called the brachiaus, by reason of the straight coherence thereof with the bone of the arm; this fastened under the biceps descends obliquely on the back and upper part of the bone of the arm into the top of the wand and the inner side of the ell. But the first of the extenders is called the longus or Long muscle, this descends from the lower rib of the shoulder, and cleaving to the bone of the arm goes thither (fastened and as it were always most straitly joined with his fellow muscle, specially near the cubit) where you shall presently hear. The other termed the brevis or short muscle, being the companion of the long, descends on the hind part of the neck of the bone of the arm, as it were growing to and lying under the former long muscle, so that making one common broad Tendon outwardly fleshy, inwardly nervous, they are inserted into the olecranon, so by mutual assistance to extend the cubit.
XXVII. The description of the bones of the wrist, afterwrist, and fingers
We said before that the hand, taken more particularly and properly, is divided into the wrist, afterwrist and fingers, and that the hand in this signification is bounded by the ends of the bones of the cubit and fingers. All the parts of the wrist, which it has common with the afterwrist, have been already also plentifully explained, this only remains to be noted, that the skin as well of the hands as of the feet, is of a middle nature between pure flesh and pure skin, no otherwise than that which covers the forehead, but that this which covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is unmoveable; But it is most thick, especially on the feet, lest it should be easily offended by continual going.
Besides the common parts, the wrist is composed of eight small bones mutually knit together in a certain order, and by diarthrosis with the two bones of the cubit, but mutually and amongst themselves by synarthrosis, by interposition of gristles and ligaments as well common, that is, coming from the muscles, as proper, descending always from the upper to the lower. But these same bones are some less than othersome, besides they are hard and without marrow, gibbous on the outside for the security and comeliness of the hand, but hollow on the inside for to give way to the tendons going into the fingers. These bones are disposed in two ranks. The first rank contains only three, but the second five. The three of the first rank are thus placed, that one of them may receive the appendix styloids of the cubit; the other the ell and the wand together, and the third may be received by the wand. But three of the five bones of the second order sustain the four bones of the after-wrist and are knit to the same by synarthrosis, after which manner of connection they are joined to the bones of the first rank; the fourth sustains the first bone of the thumb to which also it is coarticulate by Synarthrosis; the fifth and last is seated on the inside against the ell, chiefly above that bone of the first order, which receives the appendix styloids of the cubit, this is the least and weakest of them all by reason of its gristly substance, which makes the ring with certain ligaments running from one of the inner sides of the wrist to the other.
This ring is placed there as well for the preservation of the sinews, veins and arteries passing under it (least when we lean upon our hand, or wrist, these parts should be hurt by compression) as also for the commodity of the action of the muscles bending the finger, which in the performance of their action and the contracting themselves might deform the hand by their passing forth of the cavity of the wrist. For what attraction soever is made by strings, if it be free and not hindered, is according to a straight line.
Now follow the bones of the second part of the hand, or of the afterwrist. These are four in number, gibbous without, but arched within, or hollow in the middle; for hence is the palm of the hand, or certainly the greater part thereof; their ends next the fingers are somewhat remote from each other, that in these clifts the muscles interosses might find a place and seat. But these ends have each an appendix, as you may perceive in the skeleton of a child. But you must note that by the first bone of the wrist or afterwrist, we mean that which is in the foreside of the hand, that is to say, that in the wrist which lies under the thumb, and that in the afterwrist, which it seated under the forefinger, as these which keepe in order the fingers which exceed the rest in necessity and dignity.
After these follow the fifteen bones of the fingers, that is, three in each, which are hollow and fistulous full of a thin and liquid marrow, and not of gross and thick as in the arm and thigh. They are outwardly gibbous, but inwardly hollow and flat for the fitter seat of the tendons ascending alongst the fingers on the inside even to the upper joint. The which that nature might the better strengthen and preserve, it has produced from the lips of the inner cavities of these bones a membranous and strong ligament, which running overtwhart from one side to the other doth so straitly close the tendons to their bones, that they cannot go forth of their places, or incline to either side. They are connected on the outside, that they might be more fit to hold any thing. But for the first bones of the 4 fingers and thumb, four are joined together with so many bones of the afterwrist by synarthrosis, for the bones of the afterwrist are moved by no manifest motion; the fifth is knit to the second rank of the bones of the wrist, therefore that bone cannot be attributed to the afterwrist, as some have written, seeing it has manifest motion and is knit by diarthrosis, but the bones of the afterwrist are only fastened by synarthrosis. For the second and third rank of bones of the fingers, they are knit the second to the first, and the third to the second by diarthrosis and arthrodia, because besides the manifest motion they have, they receive each other by a superficary cavity, as those of the first rank, the bones of the afterwrist, and those of the second rank, them of the first; those of the third them of the second. And all the bones of the fingers are larger and thicker at their basis, but smaller towards the ends; and they are bound by ligaments especially proper, which (as we said formerly) descend from the first to the second; so that the last bones seeing they have not to whom to communicate their nerve, make and produce nails thereof:
Wherefore the nails are generated by the fibers of the ligaments, and the excrement of the tendons which are terminated at the bottom of the nails. Now remain the Ossa Sesamoidea, or seed-bones: these are 19 in number in the inner joints of each of the hands, and as many in each foot, viz. two in the first joint of the four fingers and in the second of the thumb, and one in each of the rest. For the inner side of the joints, you may for the most part observe one in each of them; yet in the second joint of the thumb there be two, above the two tendons, which are somewhat gristly.
They are made for this use, that they firm and strengthen the joints, so that the bones of the fingers may not be turned awry, or thrust forth of their places by strong and violent motions, as it sometimes happens in the whirle-bone of the knee. They are called Sesamoidea from the resemblance they have to the seed of Sesamum, which is somewhat long and flat.
The Figure of the bones of the hand. The 1. shows the inside of the right hand, and the 2. shows the back side of the same.
The Charact. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. show the eight bones of the wrist.
A, 1, 2, The first bone of the Afterwrist lying under the thumb.
- II. III. IIII. The 4 other bones of the Afterwrist annexed to the fingers.
B, C. The two bones of the thumb.
D, E, F. 1, 2. The 3 bones of the forefinger, which are the same in the other fingers.
M, 1, 2. A little bone sometimes fastened outwardly at the joint of the eight bone of the wrist.
N, 1. A process of the eight bone of the wrist, swelling out into the ball of the hand.
O, 1. A process of the fifth bone of the wrist, from which a Ligament proceeds.
P, 2. An appendix of the bones of the wrist, by which they are articulated to the afterwrist.
Q, 2. Another appendix which with its head enters into the Cavity of the finger.
R, 1, 2. The space between the bones of the afterwrist.
S, 1, 2. Two little seed-bones set on the inside and outside of the first joint:
T, 1. Two seed-bones in the first of the 4 fingers.
V. V. 1. One seed-bone in the second and third joint of the fingers.
XXVIII. Of the muscles which seated in the cubit move the wand and with it the hand.
Now must we describe the muscles of the formerly described parts, that is, those which are seated in the cubit, which are carried to the inside of the hand, and those which are called the Interosses. Now the muscles of the cubit are 14, 7 external, and 7 internal; 2 of the 7 external do primarily twine or turn up the wand, and secondarily or by accident turn the palm of the hand upwards, whereupon they have called them supinatores, or turners up of the hand; two extend the wrist, whereupon they are named Carpitensores or the wrist-extenders; two the fingers, whence they are styled Digitumtensores or finger-stretchers; to conclude, the 7th and last is termed Abductor or Obliquator externus. The first of the two supinatores is called the Long, or Longest, because it descends from the outside of the arm above the processes therof, and is inserted by a round and strong tendon into the lower appendix. The other descends obliquely from the outward and upper process of the arm, and is inserted at the third part of the Wand by a membranous and fleshy tendon before and on the inside thereof. The upper of the two Extenders of the wrist, descending above the wand from the external and upper process of the arm is inserted by two Tendons into the first and second bone of the After-wrist, which sustain the fore and middle fingers.
The other and lower, descending from the same place as the former, above the cubit is inserted into the fourth bone of the Afterwrist which bears up the little finger. These muscles whilst they move alone, that is, each with his Antagonist, to wit the wrist-benders, they move obliquely upwards or downwards the whole hand properly so called. The first and greater of the Extenders of the fingers, or finger-stretchers arising from the Olecranum, or bone of the cubit, descends superficiarily between the two bones of the cubit even to the wrist, in which place it is divided into 4 tendons, which passing under the ring seated there, end (each distinguished by a common ligament above the bone of the Afterwrist) in the last joints of the four fingers, adhering nevertheless firmly to the bones, which are above these joints.
The other, which is the lesser arising almost in the middle of the wand, goes obliquely to the thumb into which it is inserted by two tendons; the one thicker which is inserted into the root therof, and draws it from the other fingers; the other slenderer continued even to the upper joint therof, and by its action extending the thumb.
The seventh which is the Abductor or Obliquator, is seated at the hind part of the hand, that is, towards the little finger. We have often found this divided in two, yea verily we have found it trifide, or divided into 3, this year in three or 4 dead bodies. One portion thereof went to the lower side of the ring-finger with two tendons, the other in like manner to the middle and fore-fingers, and the third to the thumb.
And for all that it is thus divided, yet some have taken and accounted it for one muscle, because it has one origin and action, which is to draw the fingers backwards; some have added to this the extender of the thumb by reason of their common origin; and thus of 4 muscles, they have made one divided into 7 tendons, distributed, as is formerly shown. But when the Obliquator of the ring-finger is wanting, as it often happens, the extender of the finger supplies that defect by certain productions of tendinous strings. But some also have written, that this muscle which we said has 7 tendons, is only a production of the deep fore muscle, which should be sent through the space between the bones of the cubit; yet I had rather make it a muscle of itself, by reason of its straight adhesion with the bones of the arm and wand. And let thus much suffice for the external muscles of the cubit, which you may comprehend in the number of seven, as we have done; or in six, if you take away one of the 4, or in nine, if you had rather resolve it into 4 with Galen; or in eight, if you divide this muscle only into three. For in very deed the Abductor or Obliquator of the ring-finger is not often found in men.
Now must we come to the inner muscles of the cubit, the first of which compasses the skin of the palm of the hand, whence it is called the Palmaris. The second and third joined by the communion of their action turn down or prone the wand, and consequently the hand, so that the palm looks towards the feet, whereupon they are called Pronators.
The 4th and 5th joined also in affinity of action bend the wrist, wherefore they are named Carpiflexores, wrist benders. The sixth and seventh are appointed to bend the first, second, and third joints of the fingers, wherefore they are termed Digitumflexores, Fingerbenders. For their origin; the Palmaris the least and uppermost of them all, descends fleshy from the hind process of the inner arm, and a little after ending in a long and slender Tendon, it is spent in the skin of the palm of the hand even to the roots of the fingers. For it was necessary that this skin should straightly cohere with the subjacent parts, not only for the fitter taking or comprehension of any thing, lest that skin in holding should be wrinkled and drawn away from the palm and fingers, and so be an impediment; but besides that the hand might have a more exact sense to distinguish of hot, cold, moist, dry, smooth, equal, rough, soft, hard, great, little, and such other qualities. Then follow the two Pronators, of which one called the round, comes obliquely from the inner side of the hind process of the arm almost to the middle of the wand, to which it adheres by a membranous and fleshly tendon, even to the place appointed for insertion. The other square three or four fingers broad, yet somewhat slender, seated within under all the muscles which descend on the inside to the wrist or fingers, upon the ends of the bones of the cubit, ascends transverse from below the Ell, unto the top of the wand where it ends in a membranous tendon. Both the Carpiflexors, or wrist-benders arise from the hind, but inner process, and descend obliquely (the one more, or less than the other) the one alongst the Ell, but the other alongst the wand; and that which descends alongst the Ell, is inserted into the eight bone of the wrist, which we said made part of the ring; the other which follows the wand is inserted with his greater part into the bone of the wrist, and with the rest into the first bone of the after-wrist which sustains the fore-finger.
Now remain the Digitumflexores, or Fingerbenders, which because they lie upon one another, the upper is called the sublimis, but the lower the Profundus. The Sublimis or upper, arising from the inner part of the hind process of the arm, and from the upper parts of the ell and wand descends between these two bones of the cubit even to the wrist and ring; divided into 4 tendons it is inserted into the second dearticulation of the 4 fingers, which it bends by the force of this his proper insertion; as also the first, as well by the power of the common ligament, as by certain fibers coming from it, which it sends thither by the way in its passage. But these 4 tendons near unto this their insertion are divided into two, so to give passage and add strength to the tendons of the Deep muscles descending into the third and last joint of the fingers.
But this same Profundus or deep muscle arising from the upper and inner parts of the ell and wand, descends between these two bones under the Sublimis, also undivided even to the wrist, where it is divided into 5 tendons which it brings forth under the common ligament, and the divisions of the tendons of the Sublimis even to the last joint of the fingers, which they bend, by this their proper insertion, as also the bones of the first and second joints of the fingers by the means of the common ligament and fibrous productions which they bestow upon them by the way. Besides these forementioned there is seene also a certain membranous ligament which engirts the tendons in the compass of the fingers.
XXIX. Of The muscles Of The Inside Of The hand.
The muscles of the inside of the hand are 7 in number; the first is called Thenar because it makes the greater part of the palm; the second from the site is called the Hypothenar; the third the external Abductor of the thumb. The 4 others are called by reason of their figure the Lumbrici or wormy muscles, or the Adductores, or Drawers of the 4 fingers to the thumb. Now the first called Thenar, thicker than the rest, arises from all the bones of the After-wrist, taking its beginning from that bone which bears up the ring finger, whence ascending alongst the Vitall line even to the end thereof at the first bone of the After-wrist sustaining the fore finger, and it is at length inserted into the last joint of the thumb by the longest fibers, but by the middle and shortest fibers almost into all the inner part of the first bones of two joints, and by reason of this, the thumb is drawn to the other fingers, and from them again by his lower origin.
Some divide this muscle into three, by reason of his diverse actions, making the first to arise from the root of the bone of the after-wrist which bears up the ring finger; but the other from that middle bone of the after-wrist which sustains the middle finger; but of the third, from the upper end of that bone which underprops the fore finger, and that the insertion of them all, is, as we formerly mentioned. But the former opinion likes me better, both for shunning confusion, and abbreviating the doctrine of the number of muscles.
The Hypothenar arises from the fourth bone of the afterwrist, and that bone of the wrist which sustains it, and then with its longest fibers, it is inserted into the second joint of the ring-finger, and by the shortest into the first, through which occasion, as also in respect of its twofold action, some have divided it into two, that the one of them might lead it from the rest, and the other might draw it to the thumb.
The third the external Abductor of the thumb, descends from the first bone of the afterwrist, into the first and second joint of the thumb; wherefore some have divided it into two. The Lumbrici, or four external Abductores of the four fingers arise from a membrane, investing and binding together the tendons of the Digitumflexores, or fingerbenders, and at length on the sides towards the thumb even by a small tendon, running even to the second joint of the four fingers.
Now the Interosses of the afterwrist, remain to be spoken of; these are six, two in each of the spaces between the fingers, one internal, the other external, of which the internal descending with oblique fibers from the side of the first bone of the afterwrist, goes also into the sides of the fingers, that so it may the more closely bind together the bones of the afterwrist, whose action is manifested when we thrust our fingers into a straight glove, or when we bend our hand. Some think that it helps also the drawing of the fingers towards the thumb. The external ascends also by oblique fibers from the sides of the second bone of the afterwrist, to the first joints of the fingers, intersecting the internal which we now described after the manner of the letter X, for to extend the palm of the hand, and help the drawing away of the fingers from the thumb.
Here concluding the description of the muscles of the whole hand taken in general, you shall note that they are 39 in number, that is, 8 appointed to move the arm; 4 set to move the cubit in general; 7 seated on the outside of the cubit, and as many on the inside in the same cubit, moving the wand, and with it the hand; 7 on the inside of the hand: and lastly, the 6 interosses. Some increase this number, saying, there are 9 on the external part of the cubit, and 11 on the inside of the hand.
XXX. A Description Of The Leg Taken In General.
After the hand follows the description of the leg. Wherefore to take away all doubtfulness, we will first define the leg; then divide it into the parts more and less compound; thirdly we will prosecute all things common to all these parts; fourthly, those which are peculiar to each, and then, God willing, we will give an end to our Anatomy.
Now this word Crus, or leg, is used two manner of ways, that is, either generally and specially, and specially again after two sorts, that is, either absolutely and simply so, or with an adjunct. It is simply taken for all that which is between the knee and the foot. But with an adjunct for the greater bone thereof. But the leg taken in general, is the instrument of going, containing all whatsoever is from the hips, to the very ends of the toes. It is divided into three great parts, that is to say, the thigh, the leg, or shank, and the foot. By the thigh we mean that which lies between the hip and the knee. By the leg, properly so called, or shank, that which is contained between the knee and the foot. By the foot all from thence to the ends of the toes.
again, they divide the foot into three parts, that is, the Tarsus or Instep, the Pedion or top of the foot, and the Digitipedum, or toes. We understand by the instep, that which is contained in the first 7 bones, which answers in proportion to the wrist of the hand. By the top of the foot, that which is comprehended in the five following bones, which is answerable to the after-wrist That which remains, we call the toes. But because all these parts have other common and proper parts, we will only follow the distribution of the veins, arteries, and nerves; seeing we have sufficiently explained the rest, when we described the containing parts of the body in general.
XXXI. A Description Of The Crural Vein.
The Crurall vein begins then, when the hollow vein passing forth of the Peritonaum, and stretched to the hanch bone, and the sides of the Pubis in the groin, is first divided into two large branches; the one of which descends on the inside alongst the bones of the whole leg, together with the artery and nerve; the other runs down outwardly and superficially alongst the leg, between the fat lying under the skin, and the muscles even to the foot, and is spent in the skin thereof. This because it is always apparent and manifest, is called properly by the Greeks Sapheia, but commonly Saphaena.
This vein by the way presently at its origin is divided into two branches, the one internal, the other external; of which the internal is spent upon the Bubones, and other glandules of that place and the skin, and by this branch come the defluxions called Bubones; the other branch is waisted in the fore and utter skin of the upper part of the thing; then a little lower, that is, about the breadth of three or four fingers, it is gathered again into one branch made of many little ones, which is spent in the fore and hind skin of this thigh. Thirdly, a little below the middle of the thigh it is again divided into two other branches, of which the one goes into the skin on the fore side, and the other on the hind side. Fourthly, it is distributed by two other small sprigs into the skin, on the fore and hind part of the knee; which oftentimes are not found, especially when the Poplitea or ham vein, is some-what larger than ordinary. Fifthly, a little below the knee, it produces two other branches, lying upon each other in their passage out into the fore and hind skin of that place. You must note, that branch which runs into the skin of the hind part, is carried by a certain other sprig, which it produces, into a branch of the Poplitea passing forth of the two twin muscles. Sixthly, in the bigger part of the calf of the leg, it is divided into two other branches, which in like manner are distributed into the skin, as well in the fore side as the back side of the leg.
At length after many other divisions, which for brevity’s sake, I omit, when it arrives at the fore and inner side of the ankle (where it is commonly opened in the diseases of the parts below the Midriff which require blood-letting) it is parted into two other branches, the lesser of which descends to the heel; the other in many sprigs is spent upon the skin of all the upper and lower part of the foot and toes.
The second branch of this Crural vein, which we said descends within together with the artery and nerve, even into the foot, is divided; first piercing somewhat deep in, it produces four divarications; one internal descending below the origin of the Sapheia into the muscle called Obturator externus, and into certain other external muscles. The three other run outwardly, the first towards the huckle bone, by which the Ischias is made, the two other into the fore muscles of the thigh, neither are these sprigs far remote from one another. Secondly, all that branch is divided into two other branches, the one above, the other below, an artery always accompanying it; the lower of which is spent upon many of the hinder muscles of the thigh, ending nigh the ham. The upper, besides, that it bestows many branches upon the fore and inner muscles of the thigh, descending to the ham, it produces the Poplitea or ham vein, made sometimes of two branches, the one proceeding from above, and the other from below. This Poplitea descending by the bending of the ham, is spent one while upon the skin of the calf of the leg, another while upon the knee, otherwhiles increased with branches of the Sapheia, it goes on the outside of the ankle to the skin, on the upper side of the foot, and sometimes on the lower.
Thirdly, a little below the origin of the ham vein, and under the bending of the knee, it brings forth the Suralis, which is bestowed upon the muscle of the Sura, or calf of the leg, and upon the skin of the inner side thereof, and of the foot continued sometimes even to the inner part of the great toe.
Fourthly, under the head of the hinder appendix of the bones of the leg, it produces between these two bones, another vein, which nourishing the fore muscle of the leg, is consumed upon the foot.
Fifthly, and lastly, it brings forth the Ischiadica major or greater Ischias, which is divided into two branches of an unequal size; the larger whereof, from his origin descending alongst the inner part of the leg bone, insinuates itself under the muscles of the calf, between this and the heel, into the sole of the foot, upon which it is wasted, divided into ten small sprigs, two for each toe; the other being the lesser descending alongst the Perone, or shin-bone, is consumed between it and the heel, yet sometimes it is produced, not only even to the muscle the Abductor of the toes, but also by five surcles, even to the fourth toe, and the sides of the middle toe.
XXXII. The Distribution Of The Crural Artery.
The crural artery arising from the same place whence the crural vein proceeded, and descending with the internal crural vein is distributed as follows.
First, into the muscle of the thigh, which spreading itself through the muscles thereof meets with the utmost hypogastrica, descending with the vein through the common hole of the huckle and share bone, and is joined with it.
Secondly, when it arrives at the ham, between the Condyles or processes of the leg, it sends two branches into the knee.
Thirdly, a little after it produces another branch, which it sends to the exterior muscles of the leg, and when it arrives at the middle of the leg, it is divided into two branches, between the twin muscles and Solaeus, the one internal, the other external; the internal, some surcles communicated by the way to the parts by which it passes, but specially to the joint of the ankle, stretches itself over the sole of the foot, between the lower extremity thereof and heel, whither, when it arrives it is divaricated into five surcles, of which it bestows two on the great toe, two on the next, and one on the middle toe. The external descending in like manner to the sole of the foot, between the fibula and the heel, besides other sprigs, which it may spread by the way, it produces one without on the joint of the ankle, another in the muscle, the Abductor of the toes, to the wrist and back of the foot. But the remainder is divided into five portions, of which two are sent to the fourth, and two to the little toe, and one to the middle.
XXXIII. Of The nerves Of The Loins, Holy-bone, And thigh
Here arise five conjugations of nerves from the loins, divided into external and internal branches; the external are disseminated into the Rachitae or chin muscles, the muscles Semispinatus and Sacer and the skin lying over them. The internal are sent into the oblique ascendent and transverse muscle of the lower belly, into the Peritonaeum, into the loin and chest muscles arising there, but after a different manner; for some are absolutely carried thither, as the nerves of the first conjugation of the loins, and oftentimes also of the second, but that sometimes they send a small sprig to the testicles, when the Costall have sent none thither; but some lower are partly distributed there, and partly sent some other way; for the greater portions first united amongst themselves, then presently with the portions of these of the holy-bone, go into the thigh, as we shall show in the distribution of the nerves of the holy-bone.
Now from the holy bone, proceed six conjugations of nerves, reckoning that for the first which proceeds from the last vertebra of the loins, and first of the holy-bone; and that the sixth which proceeds from the lowest part of the holy-bone, and the first of the rump; these conjugations of nerves are divided into external and internal branches.
The lesser external passing forth by the external and hinder holes of the holy-bone, are distributed into the parts properly belonging thereto, to wit, the muscles and skin thereof; for every nerve by the law of nature first and always yields to the neighboring parts, that which is needful, then presently to others as much as it can.
Wherefore if thou wouldst know whence each part has his vessels at the next hand, that is, the veins, arteries and nerves, thou must remember the site of each part and the course of the vessels, and to consider this, that the veins and arteries as speedily and conveniently as they can, insinuate themselves into the parts, sometimes at the head or beginning, somewhiles by the middle, or extremes thereof, as there is occasion.
But a nerve principally enters a muscle at the head thereof, or at least not far from thence, but never by the tail, whereby it may easily be understood by what branch of each vein, artery, and nerve, each part may have nourishment, lift, and sense. The other internal branches of the foresaid conjugations go, especially the four uppermost united from their origin with the three lowermost of the loins, into all the leg, as you shall presently hear. But the two lower are consumed upon the muscles called Levateres Ani, the Sphincter muscle of the same place; besides, upon the muscles of the yard, and neck of the bladder in men, but in women upon the neck of the womb and bladder.
For these parts admit another in their bottom from the costal nerve, being of the sixth conjugation of the brain; these thus considered, let us come to the nerves of the thigh, which (as we said) from their first origin, as it were compacted and composed of the greater portion of the three inner and lower branches of the loins, and the four upper of the holy-bone, are divided in the thigh into four branches, of which the first and higher descending from above the Peritonaeum, to the little Trochanter, is wasted upon the in ward and superficiary muscles of the thigh, and the skin which covers them a little above the thigh.
The second, descending with the crural vein and artery by the groin, is divided into two branches like as the vein, the one internal, the other external, of which the internal descending with the vein and artery is sent into the inner and deep muscles of the thigh ending above the knee. But the external descending superficially with the Saphaeia, even into the foot, gives branches by the way to the skin which covers it.
The third seated under these former, passing by the hole common to the share and hanch-bone, sends certain branches to the groins, to the muscles called Obturatores, to the Tricipites, and sometimes to the muscles of the yard, and it ends at the midst of the thigh.
The fourth, which is the thickest, solidest, and hardest of all the nerves in the body, descending wholly from the productions of the holy-bone, and descending outwardly between the lower part of the same bone, and the Os Ilium, or Hanch-bone to the thigh, bestows certain sprigs to the hind muscles thereof proceeding from the protuberation of the Ischium or huckle-bone, and in like sort it gives othersome to the skin of the buttocks, and also to the skin covering the forementioned muscles.
A little after, it is parted into two branches descending undivided even to the bending of the knee, they both are communicated by diverse surcles of the muscles of the leg; yet so as the lesser produces another branch from the rest of the portion thereof descending on the fore part of the leg, alongst the shin-bone unto the top of the foot, where it is divided into ten surcles scarce apparent to the sight, two running to each of the toes. The other greater descending in like manner in the remainder of its portion by the hind-part of the leg into the sole of the foot, casts itself with the veins and arteries between the heel and leg bone; where first divided into two branches, each of which presently parted into five, send two sprigs to the sides of the toes. And these are the most notable and necessary distributions of the vessels and nerves; we purposely omit others which are infinite, and of which the knowledge is impertinent.
XXXIV. Of The Proper Parts Of The thigh
Having explained the common parts of the leg in general; now we must come to the proper, beginning at the thigh. The proper parts of the thigh are muscles, bones, and ligaments but because the demonstration of the muscles is somewhat difficult, if we be ignorant of the description of the bones from whence they arise, and into which they are inserted; therefore we judge it worth our labor, first to show the bones, and the dearticulation of these of the thigh; beginning with these bones which are knit with the upper part of the holy-bone. And they are two in number, on each side one, commonly called the Ossa Ilium; each of these is composed of three bones, of which one is the upper, another the lower and anterior, and the third the middle, and after a manner the posterior. The upper by a particular name is called the Os Ilium, the hanch-bone, and it is the largest and biggest, having a gristly appendix in the compass thereof, even to the connection it has with the other neighboring bones, whose upper part we term the right line thereof; but the base, which is adjoined to it by Simphysis, we call the lip or brow thereof, because it stands both somewhat out and in, after the manner of the brow. But that which lies between the base and straight line we name the rib; this same upper bone has two hollow superficies, the one internal, the other external. The connection thereof by Symphysis, is two-fold, the one with the upper part of the holy-bone; the other with that bone we called the middle, and after some sort the posterior; which taking its beginning from the narrower part of the Os Ilium, makes that cavity in which the head of the thigh is received; this cavity the Greekes call Cotyle, the Latines Acetabulum, and it is ended by the side of the hole common to it, and the share-bone; this middle, and in some sort posterior bone is called properly and particularly the Os Ischij, or huckle-bone, and contains nothing else but the forementioned cavity, but that on the hind and lower part thereof, it brings forth a process, which adjoins itself to the share bone at the lower part of the common hole, in which place it appears very rough and unequal, and it is called the tuberosity of the huckle-bone, at whose extremity also it brings forth a little head somewhat resembling the process of the lower jaw called Corone. The third bone named Os pubis or the share-bone, stretches itself even to the highest part of the pecten, where meeting with the like bone of the other side, it is united to it by Symphysis, after which manner also, all these three bones are united; it is reported, that this bone opens in women in their travel, yet hitherto I can find no certainty thereof.
The Figure of the thigh-bone.
A 1, 2. The head of the thigh going into the cup of the hip-bone.
B, 2, A sinus in the head of the thigh, into which is inserted a round ligament.
C 1, 2, The conjunction of the appendix of the thigh with the bone itself.
D 1, 2, 3, the neck of the thigh.
E, F, the two lower heads of the thigh.
G, 1, 2, The conjunction of the lower appendix.
H, 1, 12, A sinus betwixt the two heads of the thigh.
K 2, A part of the lower head of the thigh, from whence the first muscle of the foot doth proceed.
L 2, Another part from whence the second and first muscles arise.
M 2, Another part to which the tendon of the 5th muscle of the thigh is infixed.
N 1, 2, A sinus of the out-ward side of the head for the fourth muscle of the leg.
O 2, A sinus of the inside through which the tendons do pass.
P 2, A protuberation at which the said tendons are reflected.
Q 2. the upper process of the thigh, and betwixt Q and D is the sinus.
R 1, 2, the union of the process with the thigh.
S S 2, a rough line from the impression of the external processes.
T 1, the anterior impression of the internal processes. e, betwixt T and V another impression higher than the former.
V 1, 2, the fourth impression in the top of the process.
X 3. Four X, show the four appendices of the thigh.
Y 3, Three Y, show the three heads of the thigh.
Z Z 3, Two processes of the thigh. a 1, the interior process of the thigh.
b 1, the conjunction of the process with the thigh.
c c 2, a line descending obliquely from the inner process.
d d 2, a line running through the length of the thigh.
e 2, the largeness of the thigh in this part.
f 1, a roughness from which the eight muscle issues.
g, h 5, a knub of the Whirle-bone going into the sinus marked with I, which is betwixt the heads of the thigh.
i 5, a sinus fitted for the inner head of the thigh.
k 5, a sinus agreeing with the external head of the thigh.
l 5, the lower asperity or roughness.
m 4, the foreside of the patella or whirle-bone rough and unequal.
You may perceive a manifest separation of these three bones in the skeleton of a child; for in those who are of more years, the gristles which run between these connections turn into bones.
Now follows the thigh-bone, the biggest of all the bones of the body; it is round, and so bended, that it is gibbous on the exterior and fore part thereof, that so it might be the safer from external injuries; but on the hind and inner part, it is hollow or simous, like to the back of an Ass, whereby the muscles might have a more commodious origin and insertion.
That simous part a little below the midst thereof, is divided into two lines, the one whereof goes to the internal tuberosity, the other to the external of the lower appendix of the same thigh. These are chiefly to be observed, because the oblique fibers of the vast muscles thence take their origin.
Besides, this bone has two appendices in the ends thereof, as easily appears in a child’s thigh; the upper appendix, makes the round head of the thigh itself, which (as every other appendix) seated upon a long neck, is received in the cavity of the hanch-bone by Enarthrosis; it is stayed and fastened there by two sorts of ligaments, of which the one is common, proceeding from the muscles, which descend from above, about the neck thereof; the other is proper, which is twofold, that is, one membranous and broad, proceeding from the whole cavity of the orb, or cup, descending about all the head of the thigh, above the neck thereof; the other thick and round, descending from the second cavity of the Cotyle itself, which is extended, even to the common hole at the top of the head thereof.
Besides, under this head, that bone has two processes, the one great and thick, the other little and short.
The greater seated in the hind part, is called the great Trochanter; the lesser situate in the inner part, is named the little Trochanter.
But you must note, that the great Trochanter, on the higher and hind part thereof, which looks towards the head of this bone, makes a certain small sinus or bosome, into which the twin muscles and others, whereof we shall hereafter speak, are implanted; we must also consider the multitude of holes encompassing this neck, between the head and the two Trochanters, which yield a passage to the vessels, that is, the veins, arteries, and nerves, into the marrow of the bone itself, whence the marrow itself becomes partaker of sense, especially on that part which is covered with a coat, and the bone lives and is nourished.
The other appendix of the thigh, that is, the lower, is the greatest and thickest, rising, as it were with two heads, which are divided by two cavities, the one superficial and on the fore side, whereby it receives the whirle-bone of the knee; the other deep, and on the back part, by which it receives the gristle and as it were bony ligaments, proceeding from the eminence which is seen between the two cavities of the upper, appendix of the bone of the leg, which Hippocrates, lib. de fracturis, calls in his tongue Diaphysis.
XXXV. Of the muscles moving the thigh.
The muscles of the thigh are just 14 in number, that is, 2 bend it, whereupon they are called the flexors, or benders; three extend it, whereupon they are called Tensors, extenders; 3 move it inwards, driving the knee outwards, and drawing the heel inwards, as when we cross our legs; yet some make these three one, and call it the Triceps, or three-headed muscle. 6 spread it abroad, and dilate it, as happens in the act of venery. 4 of these are called Gemini or Twins, by reason of the similitude of their thickness, origin, insertion and action; the two other are called Obturatores, because they stop the hole which is common to the share and back-bones.
Now 1 of the 2 flexors, being round, descends on the inside with fibers of an unequal length from all the transverse processes of the loins, above the hind commissure of the hanch and share-bones, and is inserted into the little Trochanter; the other broader and larger from the origin passes forth of the whole lip, and inner brow of the hanch-bone, and filling the inner cavity thereof, is inserted above the fore part of the head of the thigh, into the little Trochanter by a thick tendon, which it with the follow muscle lately described, produces, even from the fleshy part thereof, wherefore you need to take no great pains in drawing, or plucking them away.
The three Tensores or extenders, make the buttocks, of which the first being the thicker, larger, and external, arising from the rump, the holy-bone, and more than half of the exterior and hinder lip of the hanch-bone, is inserted by oblique fibers, some four fingers breadth from the great Trochanter at the right line, which we said, resembled an Ass’s back.
The second, which is the middle in size and site, descends from the rest of the lip, and from the fore and outward rib of the hanch-bone, and above the midst of the bone, is inserted into the upper part of the great Trochanter by a triangular insertion above the upper and exterior part thereof.
The third being lesser, shorter and thinner, lying hidden under these former, proceeds from the middle of the external surface of the hanch-bone, and then is inserted into the greater part of the right line of the great Trochanter.
These three muscles have a great and large origin, but a narrow insertion, as it were by oblique fibers.
Then follow those three muscles which move the thighs inwards, straighten and cross then, so that the knee stands forwards or outwards, but the heel is drawn inwards, as you may understand by their insertion, although some think otherwise; But these three muscles by their origin, partly fleshy, and partly membranous, arise from the upper and fore part of the circumference of the share-bone, and thence are inserted into the hind line of the huckle-bone, some higher than othersome; for the lesser and shorter stays at the roots of the little Trochanter, the middle descends a little deeper, the 3 with the longest of his fibers, descends even to the midst of the line.
This if it be so, that is, these muscles proceeding from the fore and upper part, to be inserted into the hinder line of the huckle-bone, whilst they alone perform their action, and draw the thighs together, they will turn them outwards, just so as when we put them across, but they will not draw one heel to another, and put the heel outwards, for such like motion is performed by the inner Vaste muscle of the thigh, moving the leg. Now follow the 6 which move the buttocks.
The first, and higher of the Quadrigemini, or the 4 twin muscles, passes forth of the commissure of the holy-bone, with the bone of the rump, or rather from the lowest extreme of the holy-bone, and thence it is inserted into the cavity of the great Trochanter by a tendon of a sufficient largeness.
The second proceeding from the hollow part or fissure, which is between the extremity of the huckle-bone, and the tuberosity, or swelling out of the same, is inserted in like manner into the cavity of the great Trochanter.
The 3rd ascends from the inner part of the swelling out of the huckle-bone, a little above, between the 2 Trochanters, into the cavity of the greater of them.
The 4th, and last, the lowest and broadest of them all proceeds from all the exterior protuberance of the huckle-bone, and thence is inserted into the great Trochanter, and these 4 muscles lie hid under the thick and more eminent part of the buttocks; wherefore that you may the better show them, they must be turned up towards their origin.
The two Obturators remain to be spoken of, that is, the internal and external, both which arise from the circuit and circumference of the hole which they stop, which as we said is common to the share and huckle-bone, but the internal ascends to the exterior root of the greater Trochanter by the middle fissure between the upper part of the protuberancy of the hucklebone, and the spine which stands up in the hind base of the hanch-bone.
But the external proceeds from the exterior cavity, and the middle space between the tuberosity of the huckle-bone and cavity thereof, and is inserted in the lower part into the cavity of the great Trochanter, together with the Quadrigemini.
If you would plainly see the exterior Obturator, you must either cut off the beginning of the three-headed muscle, or handsomely pluck it away, and then extend it, and turn it up; The internal is easily discerned when the bladder is taken away.
XXXVI. Of the bones of the leg, or shank.
Those which would describe the muscles of the leg, ought first to describe the bones thereof, beginning at the patella, or knee-cap.
This bone is gristly on the outside, and round in compass, but on the inner and middle part after some sort gibbous, but somewhat flatted at the sides, that so it may be more fitly applied to the joint of the knee, and fitted within the anterior cavity of the two appendices of the thigh, and the upper and foremost of the leg.
The use thereof is to strengthen the joint of the knee, and to hold the leg at his due extent, so that it may not be bent so far forwards as it is backwards.
The bones of the leg are two, the one thicker, called by the particular and proper name, the Os Tibia or leg-bone; the other which is lesser, is termed Perone, or Fibula, but commonly the lesser focile, (and in English it may be termed the shin-bone.) The thicker being hollow and marrow-y, is seated in the inner part of the leg, having two processes, the one bigger, the other less.
The bigger seated on the upper part of the bone, and conjoined to it by Symphysis, makes two superficial and side cavities disjoined by a smooth rising; wherefore this bone is connected to the bone of the thigh by Ginglymos. For in the cavities thereof it receives the lower and hinder protuberances of the appendix of the thigh-bone, but the middle eminence thereof, is received by it between the two protuberances thereof.
This joint is strengthened, not only by the force of the tendons, or muscles ending there, but also of 3 strong ligaments, of which one proceeds from all the external, another from all the internal part of that connection; the 3rd which we, out of Hippocrates, called Diaphysis, from the distance or space between them. The other process of the leg-bone, which we called the less, seated in the lower part thereof, makes as it were a double cavity, whereby it receives the talus or Pastern bone; but on the inside it makes the ankle, as the fibula makes it without: between these ankles the talus is received on the sides, and turned as the nut in a crossbow, as often as there is need to bend or extend the foot. Besides, this same leg-bone, being triangular has three eminencies made in the shape of an Ass’s back; the sharper descends alongst the fore part, called by the Greeks Anticnemion; the second resides on the inner part, and the third on the outer; all these must be diligently observed, and chiefly, that on the fore part; because it is as a guide and rule to a surgeon in the well setting of a broken leg. The fibula, or shin-bone, is seated, as it were, on the outside, and as behind the leg-bone; it has also two appendixes hollow on the inside, but gibbous on the out. This bone by the upper of these is fastened and inserted under the inner, and in some sort the hinder appendix of the leg-bone, so that it is in no sort articulated with the thigh, but serves only instead of a leaning stock. But by the lower, this same bone is not only received in the lowest part of the leg, or ankle, or pastern bone, but also receives part thereof, which is joined on the same side with the heel, especially then when we bend our foot outwards.
This bone is fastened to the forementioned bones by Synarthosis, but bound by strong ligaments proceeding from the same bones, and mutually sent from one to another, or if you had rather, from the upper into the lower, as we said in the arm. But this same fibula or shin-bone is also triangular, having three lines, of which one stands outwards, another on the foreside, and the third behind.
XXXVII. Of The muscles Of The Legs.
All the motions of the leg are performed by 11 muscles, of which there be 6 on the foreside, and 5 on the hind. But of these, some move the leg only, as those which take their origin from the bone of the thigh; others truly move the leg, but with the thigh, as those which arise above the thigh, that is, from the hanch, huckle, and share-bones.
The 1st of these on the foreside, called the Long, but commonly the Sutorius (or Tailor-muscle by reason of its action) it arises from the lower and fore extremity of the spine or appendix of the hanch-bone, and descending obliquely above the other muscles, is inserted by a large and membranous tendon, into the fore and inner part of the leg under the knee; the action thereof is to cross the legs, but being first bended by the muscles presently to be treated of, it helps also the 3 headed muscle in the performance of the forementioned action.
The 2nd of these 4 muscles is termed the membranosus, or membranous, because it is wholly such, unless at the origin where it descends fleshy from the root and base of the above mentioned spine of the hanch-bone, and that obliquely with its membranous and broad tendon (mixed with the common coat of the muscles) into the outward part of the leg, which it moves outwards, as also the thigh with the 4 twin muscles; for as we have in another place observed, of two oblique motions, concurring in one, is made a right motion; and besides, almost all the motions of the body, are thus performed; the muscles which perform such motions are placed and opposed in an oblique site, as may be perceived by the motions and site of the muscles of the hand taken in general.
The 3rd, called the Rectus, or right (because it descends above the Crurcus, alongst the right fore-line of the thigh, between the two Vaste muscles) comes forth between the extremity of the appendix of the hanch-bone and cavity thereof, with a very strong ligament, and then is inserted into the fore part of the leg, passing over the midst of the whirle-bone of the knee; it extends the leg, with the three following, but by accident it may help the bending of the thigh.
The 4th and 5th are called Vasti, Vaste or huge muscles, by reason of their largeness; the one of these is internal, the other external: they both arise with right fibers, from their origin, but with oblique at their insertion, by reason whereof they both seem to have a compound action from a right and oblique motion; the right helping for the extension of the leg, but the oblique to draw one knee to another, or to disjoin both the knees; the internal comes by its right fibers from the root of the little Trochanter, but by its oblique from the inner descendent line of the thigh. The external passes forth by its right fibers from the root of the great Trochanter, but by the oblique from the external descendent line of the same bone. But all these fibers are in certain places so mixed with the Crureus that they cannot be separated unless you violate the one of them; they go into the leg (each on his side) above the whirle-bone of the knee alongst the sides of the right muscle, with which it makes an unseparable tendon, as you shall presently hear.
The 6th and last of these fore muscles called the Crurcus, or thigh-muscle, (by reason of the straight and firm adhesion, which it has with the thigh-bone, which is by some called Crus) from the space between the two Trochanters descends under the right muscle, and two vaste muscles into the fore part of the thigh, even to the whirle-bone of the knee. But we must note that these four last muscles make a common thick and broad tendon with which they cover the Patella, or whirle-bone, and all the fore dearticulation of the knee, that they cannot be separated without tearing; wherefore we must think that this tendon, serves the knee for a ligament; now all these muscles performing their action together, extend the leg. The five hind muscles follow to be spoken of, of which 3 arise from the tuberosity of the huckle-bone, going into the inner part; the 4th from the middle of the Pubis, called biceps, that is, the two headed muscle into the outside of the leg. Of the internal, one passing from the forementioned tuberosity, descends ligamentous even into the midst of the thigh, and then becoming fleshy, is inserted by its tendon, after the manner we formerly mentioned.
The other being slender, passing forth also from the same place, with its tendon, is inserted with the tendon of the long muscle, and ends in the inner part of the leg, which with its companion, it draws inwardly, and brings to the other, which same thing it performs in the thigh, by the help of the three headed muscle.
The third, being the inner, or hinder, descends from the middle part of the share-bone, with a broad and slender ligament, and is inserted with a round tendon, into the inner part of the leg after the manner of the fore-mentioned.
The fourth called biceps takes one of the two heads, of which it consists, from the last mentioned tuberosity; the other from the outer line of the thigh, but is inserted into the external part of the leg, as we formerly said.
The 5th and last called the Popliteus descends obliquely fleshly from the external condyle or knot of the thigh, into the inner and hinder part of the leg, at the joining thereof to the shin-bone; the action thereof is, to draw the leg, after a manner inwards.
XXXVIII. Of The bones Of The Foot.
The Order of Anatomy requires, that we now prosecute the muscles moving the foot; but because we should in vain deliver their insertion, the disposition and condition of the bones of the foot, not being first known, wherefore it first behooves us to set forth their description. Therefore the bones of the foot are 6 and 20 in number, distinguished into 3 ranks, that is, the bones of the Tarsus or Instep, are 7; these of the Pedium, the afterwrist, or back of the foot, 5, and those of the toes 14.
Of the 7 bones of the instep, there are 4 named, and 3 unnamed. The first of the named immediately following the bones of the leg, is called Astragalus, the pastern, or anklebone. This has 3 connections, one, as we said before, in the upper and broader part with the bones of the leg, of which it is received; the other in the lower and hind part, by which it receives the upper and inner process of the bone of the heel; the third on the foreside by which it is received in the cavity of the Os naviculare or Scaphoides, that is, the boat-like-bone. By the first connection the foot is extended and bended; by the second it is moved with the heel to the sides: the two first connections are by Diarthrosis, the last by Synarthrosis. But it is strengthened by strong and broad ligaments, descending, and ascending from one bone into another; also they are strengthened by membranes, muscles and tendons, descending to the foot, above and under these joints. But this bone has 3 processes, as 3 feet fastened to the bone of the heel; of which the first and least is under the outer ankle; the bigger (which Galen says makes a round head, fastened on a long neck) looks towards the fore part of the foot, over against the great toe, and the next toe to it; the middlemost is at the heel, behind the leg-bone.
I pass over in silence many other things, as the smoothness and asperity or roughness of the bone, which I had rather you should learn by ocular inspection than by book. The 2nd bone lying under this is called the Calcaneum, or heel-bone, being the biggest of all the bones of the foot, upon which all the body relies when we go. It has two upper processes, the one great, the other little. The great is received in the hind and outer process of the Astragalus; the lesser is received on the inside in the 3 process of the same bone, which we said had a round head fastened to a long neck. Besides, it is round on the hind part, and much disjoined from the leg-bone, but on the fore and longer part, it is knit by Synarthrosis to the Die-bone, whose lower and inner part, it seems to receive; the superficies thereof is wholly unequal, and rising up with many swellings. On the inner side it makes as it were a channel, so to give way, as well to the vessels as tendons going to the sole of the foot and toes. Lastly, we must consider the holes by which the vessels pass into that bone to give it nourishment; by reason of which vessels the fracture of this heel-bone, is very dangerous, because of the pressing and contusion of the vessels; as Hippocrates shows. For the ligaments of this heel, or heel-bone they are such, as these of the Astragalus, to wit, tendons, membranes and ligaments properly so called, coming from one bone to another. The third bone of the foot is named Scaphoides or boat-like, from the resemblance it has to a boat, for on that part which looks towards the posterne bone, it is hollow; but on that part which is next the three Innominata, or nameless bones (which it sustains, and of which it is received, as it in the cavity thereof receives the head of the talus) it is gibbous like the bottom of a boat. The connections thereof are by Synarthrosis, and they are strengthened by the fore-mentioned ligaments; this same bone is arched on the upper part, but somewhat hollowed or flatted below: the inner part ends in a point, like the prow of a ship, but the outer obtuse like the sterne of a ship. The 4th bone of these which have names, is called the Cuboides, from the resemblance of a Die; although that similitude be very obscure. On the fore part it sustains the toes; which by a certain proportion to the fingers of the hand, may be called the ring and little toes, but it is sustained on the hind part, with the back part of the heel; on the inner side it is joined with the boat-like-bone, and that nameless bone which sustains the middle toe; on the outside, it produces a rising like the back of an Asse, which on the lower part is extended transversely all the length thereof; at the two sides of this eminency or rising, there are two small cavities, in the form of a channel. The first and the greater of the Ossa innominata, or nameless bones, sustains the great toe; the lesser and second, the next toe thereto; the third and middle in bigness, the middle toe. These three bones are arched on their upper part, but somewhat hollowed below. They are knit to the three forementioned bones by Synarthrosis, of which they are received, but on the hind part with the boat-like bone which they receive. Now we must come to the bones of the second rank, that is, of the Pedium, or back of the foot; these are five in number, bearing up the five bone of the toes. They are somewhat gibbous on their upper part, but hollow below; each of them has two processes at the end thereof, by the lower and first of which they receive the three nameless and Die-bone, but by the upper made into a round head, they are received of the first bones of the toes. Their connections, whether with the toes, or bones of the instep, are by Synarthrosis. The ligaments as well proper as common are such, as we said of the former. The bones of the third order now remain to be spoken of, which wee said, make the toes, and they are 14, two of the great toe, but 3 of each of the other toes. The first is somewhat longish, but the rest are very short, except that of the great toe, all of them on the upper side are round and convex, but on the lower somewhat hollow, and plain longwise, that the tendons which bend them, may pass more straightly and safely without inclining to either side, even to their furthest joints; although such passages are much helped by the membranous and common ligament, which rising from the sides of these bones, involves these tendons, as we mentioned in the fingers. To conclude, each of these bones the last excepted, have a double connection by Diarthrosis, they are all unequal in their size, that is, thick at their beginning (where they receive the heads of the precedent bones, upon which they move, as a door upon the hinges) and so they grow smaller towards the ends, but by their ends, they are received of the following bones: at their ends they rise into two eminencies on their sides; distinguished by a cavity between them, through which occasion they are far thicker at their ends, than in their middle.
The Figure of the bones of the foot properly so called.
Figure 1. and 2, show the bones of the right foot fastened together their upper face and their neather face.
Fig. 3, 4, 5; and 6, show the upper, lower, inner and outer sides of the Talus or pastern.
Fig. 7, 8, 9, shows the same sides of the Heele.
Fig. 10, and 11. shows the forward and backward side of the boat bone.
Fig. 12, and 13, show the fore and back part of the wrist made of four bones.
ABCD 3, 5, 6. The protuberation of the Talus joined to the appendix of the leg-bone, and of this protuberation four sides.
EE, 3, A sinus insculped in the protuberation of the Talus.
FF 3, two bunching parts of the Talus.
G 3, the inner side of the protuberation of the Talus crusted over with a gristle, joined to the inner ankle.
H6, The outward sinus of the protuberation of the Talus covered over with a gristle, and receiving the inner ankle.
I5. A rough sinus of the Talus, receiving a gristly ligament from the inner ankle.
K6, a sinus of the Talus receiving a gristly ligament from the outward ankle.
LM 5, 6, two sinus in the hinder part of the Talus.
N 3, 4, 5, 6, the neck of the Talus or pastern bone.
O 3, 4, 5, 6. the head of the Talus going under the sinus of the boat bone.
P 7, 8, 9. the head of the bone of the heel crusted over with a gristle, and going under the sinus of the Talus or the pastern bone.
Q, 4. a large sinus of the Talus receiving the head of the heel.
R 7, 8, 9. a sinus of the heel whereto the lower part of the head of the Talus is joined.
S 4, the lower part of the head of the Talus going into the sinus of the heel.
TT 4, a sharp sinus of the heel receiving a gristly ligament from the pastern bone.
XYZ 2, the place of the heel.
YZ 2, Y 8, Z 9. a process of the heel made for the production of muscles.
a b 7 8, 9, from a to b the distance of the upper part of the heel.
c 8, 9. the hinder part of the heel. d 2, 8, the inner side of the heel.
e 8, the place where the tendons that run to the bottom of the foot are reflected.
f 7 8, the utter side of the heel.
g 1, 7, 9, here the tendons of the 7 and 8 muscles of the foot are stretched out. h 7. the forepart of the heel which is joined to the pastern bone.
i 7, that part of the heel which is joined to the Cube-bone.
k 11, the sinus of the Boat-bone receiving the head of the Talus.
Imn 10, three surfaces of the Boat-bone lightly prominent, which are articulated to the bones of the wrist,
op 11, the upper part of the Boat-bone regarding the top of the foot.
q r 10, and q 11, his lower part.
q 10, 11, A sinus through which the sixth muscle of the foot is led.
s t u 13. the plain surfaces of the three inner bones of the wrist whereby they are articulated to the Boat-bone.
x 13, a shallow sinus of the Cube-bone whereby it is articulated to the heel,
αβ 12, the place of the Cube bone to which that bone of the Afterwrist is joined which supports the last Toe save one.
γ 12. 13, the place of the Cube bone where the third bone of the wrist is articulated.
δ 12, 13. that part of the Cube bone which respects the outside of the foot.
ε 12, 13. the surface of the Cube-bone in the upper part of the foot.
ζ 2, 13, that part of the Cube bone which regards the earth.
- 2, a sinus of the Cube bone at which the tendon of the seventh muscle of the foot is reflected. B 13, a process of the third bone of the wrist whereinto the 5th muscle of the foot is inserted. • 12. the place of the inner bone of the wrist to which that bone of the Afterwrist which sustains the great Toe is coupled.
χ 12, the place of the second bone of the wrist whereto the bone of the Afterwrist that supports the fore Toe is articulated.
λ 12 the place of the third bone of the wrist whereto that bone of the Afterwrist which supports the middle toe is articulated.
μ 1, 2, a small bone whereby that bone of the Afterwrist which sustains the little toe is joined unto the Cubebone.
yy 1, 2 the distances betwixt the bones of the Afterwrist.
ξξ, 1, 2, the heads of the bones of the Afterwrist which enter into the bosomes of the toes.
π 2, a process of the bone of the afterwrist wherein the tendon of the seventh muscle of the foot is implanted.
- 2, a process of the Bone of the Afterwrist, which sustains the little toe, which process receives the tendon of the eight muscle of the foot.
ζ, τ, ν, 1, 2, the three bones of the foretoe.
Ψ, ω, 2, two seed bones placed under that bone of the afterwrist which sustains the great toe, • 2 under X. a seed bone set to the second joint of the great Toe.
Γ, 1, 2, the Talus or pastern.
Δ, 1, 2, the Heel.
θ, 1, 2, the Boat-bone.
Λ, Ξ, 1, 2, the bones of the toes.
φ, Χ, 1, 2, two bones of the great toe
I, II, III, IV, V, 1. the five bones of the afterwrist.
The ligaments by which their connections are fastened, are such as the former. The Ossa sesamoidea or Seed-bones of the feet are like in number and site to these of the hands. But this is to be noted, that those Seed-bones which are in the first articulation are somewhat bigger than the rest, and they are round and longish on the out side, but smooth and hollow on the inside, seated between two cavities, encompassed by three risings, of which two are on the sides, and the third in the midst of the extremity of the first bone of the Pedium, which chiefly bears up the great toe. To conclude, before we come to speak of the muscles, we must observe that the foot was made for two commodities. The first is to stay and bear the whole body when we stand, for which cause nature set not the great toe contrary to the other, as it placed the thumb on the hand. The other is for apprehension, or taking hold of, wherefore nature framed and made the foot and these moveable and jointed in the toes, as in the fingers of the hand. Besides also for that we must go upon our feet, Nature has made them in some places hollow on the lower side, and in other some plain in a triangular figure, that so our feet may carry us over every soil, plaine, mountainous, equal and unequal, through all parts of the world.
XXXIX. Of The muscles Moving The Foot.
The muscles of the leg moving the foot are absolutely 9, 3 in the fore part and 6 in the hind. Two of the three fore muscles bend the foot, when they jointly perform their action, but when severally, each draws it to his side; the third chiefly extends the toes, for other whiles it seems by its slenderer and longer tendon (which exceeds not that bone of the Pedium which sustains the little toe) to help also to bend the foot.
The first is called Peronaeus, because it descends alongst the bone Perone; the other the Tibiaeus anticus, for that it descends along the Os Tibiae, or bone of the leg. The third from its action is called the Digitumtensor, or toe-stretcher. For their origin, the Peronaeus, which seems to have two heads, descends from the upper appendix of the Perone or shin-bone by its first head, but by the other from the middle of the same bone from the fore side into the hind, as the superficies shows which passes between the fore and outward line of the said bone; but after it arrives at the lower and hinder appendix of the same bone, behind the outer ankle it produces two tendons, which by the guidance of the ligaments as well proper, as common, go the thicker under the sole of the foot, ending in the Die-bone and that bone of the Pedium which sustains the great toe; the lesser goes on the outside to the Die-bone, and the last and least bone of the Pedium which bears up the little toe, sometimes a slender portion thereof is produced even to the side of the little toe, extending it and drawing it from the rest. The Tibiaeus anticus or Fore leg muscle proceeding from the upper and outer appendix of the Leg-bone descends above the surface of the same bone, which is between the fore and outer line to which it adheres, as also to that surface even to the midst, from which place it produces one tendon, which descending on the fore and lowest part, ends on the outside into two of the nameless bones, that is, into the first which is the thicker, and into the middle-most, but besides by a slender portion thereof it is extended into the first and greater bone of the Pedium, so to extend the great toe, drawing it inwards to the other foot. And this muscle with the precedent bends the foot, if they both perform their parts at once; but if severally, each draws the foot towards his side. The third which is the Digitumtensor, or toe-stretcher, is two fold; the one takes its origin from the top of the leg, and running along the shin-bone and passing under the ring, carries itself into the foot, in which it ends by five tendons going to all the joints of the toes, and by a sixth at that bone of the Pedium which sustains the little toe, whereby (as we formerly said) it helps the bending of the foot. The other descends into the midst of the shin-bone, and somewhat fastened thereto by one tendon passing under the ring it goes to the great toe. But you must note that all these tendons have nervous, ligamentous and fleshy fibers so separated from each other, that they can equally alone perform their function, as if they were more distinct muscles. And we must think the same of the rest which have distinct tendons presently from their fleshy part.
The six hind muscles follow, of which the two first are called the Gemelli or Twins by reason of the similitude of their thickness, origin, insertion and action. The third is called the Plantaris, because it is spent upon the sole of the foot, as the Palmaris upon the palm of the hand. The fourth is termed the Soleus or sole muscle by reason of the resemblance it has to the fish of that name. The 5th the Tibiaeus posticus or hindleg muscle which descends along the back part of the leg-bone. The 6th and last the Digitumflexor or toe-bender, equivalent to the deep muscle of the hand, some make but one muscle of this and the Tibiaeus posticus, which produces three tendons; others had rather make three, as thus, that one should be the Tibiaeus, the other the bender of four toes, the third the bender of the great toe.
Now for the two Gemelli or Twins, the one is internal, the other external; the internal passes forth from the root of the inner condyle of the thigh; but the external from the external condyle; and from this their origin presently becoming fleshy, especially on the outside, they meet together a little after in their fleshy parts, and with the soleus they make the thick and great tendon at the midst of the leg, which from thence is inserted into the back part of the heel; in this very tendon breed painful kibes. The action thereof is, to help our going by putting forth the foot, whilst it draws the heel towards its origin.
The Plantaris, the least and slenderest of them all, passes forth fleshy from the outward head of the leg-bone, and from thence the space of some four fingers breadth it ends in a strong and slender tendon, which it sends between the Twin and sole muscles to the sole of the foot, there to produce a membrane which covers the sole of the foot, and a muscle equivalent to the upper bender of the hand.
The Soleus, or sole muscle the thickest of them all, and seated under the Twin muscles, descends from the commissure of the leg and shin-bones, and about the midst of the leg, after it has mixed his tendon with that of the Twin muscles, it runs into the foresaid place that it may extend the foot for the foresaid use,
The Tibiaeus posticus descends from the hinder appendix of the leg and shinbones, and adhering, to them almost as fare as they go, by a strong tendon, being as it were bony at the end thereof, it is inserted into the Boat-like bone and the two first nameless bones so to help the oblique extension of the foot.
The last being the Digitumflexor or toe-bender is twofold, for one arises from the leg-bone, in that place where the Popliteus ends, and inserted into that same bone it goes even to the backside of the inner ankle and from thence into the joints of four of the toes. The other draws his origin from almost the middle of the shin-bone, and somewhat inserted into it, it goes by the heel and pastern bone to the great toe, mixed with the precedent; their action is to bend the first joint of the toes, rather by the force of the common ligament, than by the small portion of the tendon which ends there. But it is their action to bend the last dearticulation of the toes by their proper insertion.
XL. Of The muscles Moving The toes Of The Feet.
Now follow the muscles moving the toes; these are eight in number, one on the upper, and seven on the lower side. The first proceeds from the pastern, heel and Die bones below the external ankle, or the ligament of these bones with the leg-bone, and obliquely stretched to the top of the foot is parted into five small tendons to the sides of the five toes, so to draw them outwards towards its origin, whereupon it is called the Abductor of the toes, and also Pediosus, because it is stretched over the Pedium, or back of the foot.
The first of the seven of the lower side called the flexor superior or upper bender, arises from the heel and stretched along the foot under the strong membrane, (which from the heel is straightly fastened to the extremity of the bones of the Pedium to strengthen the parts contained under it) is inserted by four tendons, at the second joints of the four toes which it bends. Here you must note that near the insertion thereof, this muscle divides itself, like that muscle of the hand which is called sublimis, that so it may give way to the deep, which (as we said) descends along the fingers, to which a certain common membranous ligament adjoins itself, which involves and fastens it to the bone all along the lower part of the fingers, even to the last dearticulation.
The second equivalent to that muscle of the hand which is called Thenar, seated on the inner side of the foot, arises from the inner and hollow part of the heel and pastern bones and ends in the side, and inner part of the great toe, which it draws from the rest, inwards. This may be divided into two or three muscles, as the Thenar of the hand, to draw the great toe to the rest, as much as need requires, just as we said of the hand. The third answerable to that of the hand which is named the Hypothenar, passes from the outer part of the heel and ascending by the sides of the foot it is in like manner inserted into the side of the little toe, so to draw it from the rest; to which same action a certain flesh contained under the sole of the feet may serve, which is stretched even to these toes, that also it may serve to hollow the foot. The four Lumbrici or wormy muscles follow next, which from the membrane of the Deep toe-bender are inserted into the inner and side part of the four toes, so to draw them inwards, by a motion contrary to that which is performed by the Pediosus. The Interosses or bone-bound muscles of the Pedium or back of the foot, remain to be spoken of: These are 8 in number, 4 above, and as many below, different in their origin, insertion and action; for the upper because they draw the foot outwards with the pediosus, arise from the fore and inner part of that bone of the pedium, which bears up the little toe (and so also the rest each in its order) and are inserted into the outward and forepart of the following bone. The lower on the contrary pass from the fore and outer part of that bone of the pedium, which bears up the Great toe (and so each of the rest in its order,) but are inserted into the inner and upper part of the following bone, so with the wormy muscles to draw it inwards, or to hollow the foot as the outwards, or to flat the foot, as we said of the Interosses of the hand.
XLI. An Epitome Or Brief Recital Of The bones In A Man’s Body.
The whole head which has the least consists of 60 bones; but that which has most of 63. that is, 14 of the Cranium or scull, 14 or 17 of the face, and 32 teeth; Of the bones of the skull there be 8 containing and 6 contained; the containing are, the Os frontis, or forehead bone, the nowle-bone, the two bones of the Synciput, the two stony bones, the Wedgebone, and the Sieve-like or spongy-bone. But the contained are six shut up in the cavity of the ears, the anvil, hammer and stirrup.
This first shows the forepart of the skeleton of a man, andc.
The Declaration of these three figures put into one.
A 3. The Coronal Suture called in Greek.
B 23. The suture like the letter <delta> called.
C 2, The sagittal Suture called.
D 2, 3. The scale-like Conjunction called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
α 2, 3, Os verticis, or syncipitis, the bone of the Synciput, called Os〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
β, 1, 3. The forehead-bone, that is, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
γ, 2, 3. The bone of the Nowle or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
δ, 2, 3. The bones of the temples or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
ε, 3. An appendix in the temple-bone like a Bodkin, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
ζ 1, 2, 3. A process in the temple-bone like the teat of a dug, called therefore Mamillaris and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
E, 2, 3. the wedge-bone, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
〈◊〉, 3, the stony part of the Scull.
〈◊〉, 3, a process of the wedge-bone much like the wing of a Bat, and therefore called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
The 2 and 3 Figures shows the backside of the skeleton. and the lateral part of the skeleton.
F, 1, 2, 3. the yoke-bone 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
G 1, 3. the lower jaw.
I, K, L, M, N, 1, 2, 3. the back or the spine, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
From I to K, the neck, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
From K to L, the Rackbones of the chest.
From L to M, the rackbones of the loins.
From M to N, the Holy-bone, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
N, the Rumpe bone, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
O, 1, 3. the breast-bone, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
P, 1, 3. the Sword-like gristle of the breast, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Char. 1, 2, 3, as far as to 12. in all three Tables, show the twelve ribs of the chest 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
Q 1, the clavicles or collar bones, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
R, 1, 2, 3 the shoulder-blade, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
λ, 1, 2, 3, the upper process of the shoulder-blade, or the top of the shoulder, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
μ, 1, 3, The lower process of the shoulder-blade: called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
S, 1, 2, the bone of the arm, called Humerus and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
T, V, 1, 2, 3, the cubit 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
X, 1, 2, 3: the wand or the upper bone of the cubit, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
Y, 1, 2, 3, the ell or lower bone of the cubit, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
y 3, the process of the cubit, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
ξ, 13, the process like a bodkin or probe, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
ZZ: 1, 2, 3, the wrist 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
ΓΓ, 1, 3, the after-wrist 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
ΔΔΔ. 1, the fingers 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
θ, 1, 2, 3, the bones joined to the sides of the Holy bone, on each side, distinguished as it were into three parts.
0, 1, 2, 3, the first part called the Hanch-bone, Os Ilium,〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
α, 1, 2, 3, the second part the bone of the Coxendix〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
〈◊〉, 1, 2, 3, the third part the share-bone, Os pubis〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
σ, 1, 2, 3, a gristle going between the conjunction of the share-bones.
Λ, 1, 2, 3, the thigh, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
τ, 1, 2, 3, the greater outward process of the thigh called Rotator〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
ν, 1, 2, 3, his lesser and inner process.
〈◊〉, 1, 2, 3, the whirle bone of the knee, Patella Rotutula,〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
Π, Σ, 1, 2, 3, the leg, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,
φ, 1, 2, 3, the inner and greater bone of the leg 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
ψ, 1, 2, 3, the utter and smaller bone of the leg, called the Brace-bone, Fibula,〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
φ, 1, 2, 3, the process of the Leg or the inner ankle called Malleolus internus.
Χ, 1, 2, the process of the brace of the outward ankle, both of them are called in greek, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
φ, 1, 2, 3, the bone called the cockal, Talus, balista, Os〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
a, 2, the heel Calx,〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
b, 1, 3, the bone called Os Naviculare,〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
cc, 1, 2, 3, the wrist of the foot called Tarsus, consisting of four bones, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
d, e, f, 1, 2, 3, three inner bones of the wrist of the foot, called by some 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
g, 1, 2, 3, the utter bone of the wrist of the foot like a Dye, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
hh, 1, 2, 3, the after wrist of the foot called Pedium, by some 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
ii, 1, 2, 3, the toes of the foot.
k, 1, 2, 3, the seed bones of the foot, called oscicula sesamina,〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
This figure shows the skeleton of the bones and gristles of a woman, that it may appear all her bones are in proportion lesser than the bones of a man. But in this figure only those parts are marked with letters wherein a woman differs from a man in her bones and gristles.
A, The sagittal suture descending into the nose, and dividing the forehead bone, which is sometimes found in women, very rarely in men, but always in infants.
BB, the chest somewhat depressed before, because of the paps.
CC, the collar bones not so much crooked as in men, nor intorted so much upward.
D, the breast-bone perforated sometimes with a hole much like the form of a heart, through which veins do run outward, from the mammary veins unto the paps.
E, the gristles of the ribs, which in women are somewhat bony, because of the weight of the dugs.
F, a part of the back reflected, or bent backward above the loins.
GG, the compass of the hanch-bones running more outward, for the womb to rest upon, when a woman is with child.
HH, the lower processes of the share-bones, bearing outward that the cavity marked with K, might be the larger.
I, the anterior commissure or conjunction of the share-bones filled up with a thick gristle, that in the birth they might better yield somewhat for Natures necessity.
K, A great and large cavity circumscribed by the bones of the coxendix and the Holy-bone.
L, The Rump or Coccyx, curved backward to give way in the time of the birth.
M, the thigh bones by reason of the largeness of the foresaid cavity, have a greater distance betwixt them above, whence also it is that women’s thighs are thicker than mens.
For the bones of the face, there are six within or about the orb of the eye, that is, on each side three; two bones of the nose, two lesser jaw bones, and two bigger, which are always in beasts seen distinguished by a manifest difference, but it is so rare in men, that I have not found it as yet; therefore these only are distinguished by manifest difference, two which contain all the upper teeth, the two inner of the palate, the two of the lower jaw in children; And last of all the Os Cristae, whence the middle gristle or partition of the nose arise.
The 32 teeth are equally distributed in the upper and lower jaws; and of these there be 8 shearers, 4 fangs, or Dog-teeth, and 20 grinders.
And there is another bone at the root of the tongue called Os Hyoids, always composed of three bones, sometimes of four.
Now follow the bones of the spine, or back-bone, which are just 34, that is, 7 of the neck, 12 of the chest, 5 of the loins, 6 of the holy-bone; and 4 of the rump. Besides there are 2 bones of the throat, or Collar bones.
The ribs are 24, that is, 14 true and 10 bastard ribs. The bones of the sternum or Breast-bone most frequently three, other whiles 7, as sometimes in young bodies.
Hence coming to the arms there are reckoned 62, beginning with the shoulder-blade; as there are two shoulder-blades; two arm bones; four bones of the cubit; that is, two ell-bones and two wands; 16 of the wrist, 8 of the Afterwrist, and 30 of the fingers: into this number also come the Sesamoidea, or seedbones, of which some are internal, and these always 12 at the least, although sometimes there may be more found, a great part of which rather merit the name of Gristles, than bones; there are others external if we believe Sylvius.
Now remain the bones of the leg, which (if we reckon the Ossa Ilium on each side three, as in young bodies, it is fit they should) they are 66, besides the seed-bones, that is to say, 2 Haunch-bones, 2 share bones, 2 Huckle-bones, 2 thigh-bones, 2 Whirly lbones of the knees, 4 of the leg, that is 2 leg-bones, and 2 shin-bones. 14 of the Instep, as 2 heel, 2 pastern, 2 boat-like, 2 Die, and 6 nameless bones. 10 of the Pedium or back of the foot, that is, 5 in each foot; and 28 of the toes: and as many seed-bones in the feet, as the hands enjoy. But I have thought good to add these figures for the better understanding of what has been spoken hereof.
XLII. An Epitome Of The Names And Kinds Of Composure Of The bones.
Because it is as necessary for a surgeon to know the manner of setting and repairing broken bones, as to put them in their places when they are dislocated, or out of joint; but seeing neither of them can be understood when the natural connection of the bones is not known, I have thought it a work worth my labor, briefly to set down, by what and how many means the bones are mutually knit and fastened together.
The universal composure and structure of all the bones in a mans body is called, by the Greeks; Sceletos. But all these bones are composed after two sorts, that is, by Arthron, an Articulation or joint, and by Symphysis a natural uniting or joining together.
There are many other kinds of both these sorts.
For there are two kinds of Articulation:
that is Diarthrosis or Dearticulation, and Synarthrosis, or Coarticulation; which differ as thus, Dearticulation is a composition of the bones with a manifest and visible motion; Coarticulation has a motion of the bones, yet not so manifest, but more obscure. But these two do again admit a subdivision into other kinds. For Diarthrosis contains under it:
– Enarthrosis
– Arthrodia
– Ginglymos.
Enarthrosis or Inarticulation is a kind of Dearticulation, in which a deep cavity receives a thick and long head, such a composition has the thigh-bone with the Huckle-bone.
Arthrodia is when a lightly engraven cavity admits a small and short head, such a connection is that of the arm-bone with the shoulder-blade; of the first vertebra with the second. The Greeks have distinguished by proper names these two kinds of Cavities and heads; For they call the thick and long head Cephale, that is, a Head absolutely; but the lesser they term Corons, or Coronon which the Latins call Capitulum, a Little-head. But they call a deep Cavity Cotyle, and a superficiary one Glene.
The third sort called Ginglymos, is when the bones mutually receive and are received one of another; as when there is a cavity in one bone, which receives the head of the opposite bone, and also the same bone has a head which may be received in the Cavity of the opposite bone; such a composure is in the cubit and knee, that is in the connection of the thigh-bone.
And thus much of Dearticulation and the three kinds thereof.
Synarthrosis or Coarticulation, another kind of juncture, has also three kinds thereof (Gal. lib. de Ossibus) to wit,
- Sutura,
- Gomphosis and
- Harmonia.
Suture is a composition of the bones after the manner of sowing things together, example whereof appears in the bones of the Skull.
Gomphosis is when one bone is fastened in another as a pin is fastened in a hole, after which manner the teeth are fastened in their sockets in both the jaws.
Harmony is when the bones are composed by the interposition of a simple line, after which manner many bones of the nose and face are joined together.
Hitherto we have spoken of the first construction of the bones by articulation and the kinds thereof; now it follows we treat of Symphysis.
Symphysis, or Growing together as we formerly said, is nothing else, than natural union of the bones; such union is made two manner of ways, that is, either by interposition of no other thing; after which sort in success of time the bones of the lower jaw grow together, which formerly in children were manifestly distinguished; or by the mediation of some Medium; but that happens three manner of ways, by interposition of three several Media, as first of a Gristle, which kind of union the Greeks call Synchondrosis, after which manner the Share-bones grow together and also some Appendices in young bodies; secondly of a ligament, and it is named by the Grecians Syneurosis, the name of a nerve being taken in the largest sense, for sometimes it is used for a tendon, other-whiles for a ligament, otherwhiles for a Nerve properly so called and which is the author of sense and motion. But this Symphysis or union has place by Syneurosis, or interposition of a nerve in certain bones of the sternum and Haunch.
Thirdly, the bones grow into one by interposition of flesh, called in Greek Synsarcosis; thus the flesh of the gums fastens the teeth and makes them immoveable. But if some be less pleased with this division, by reason of the obscurities, in which it seems to be involved, this following expression comes into my mind, which I was first admonished of by German Cortin Doctor of Physicke, which if you well observe it, is both blameless and more easy for your understanding.
The bones, which as pillars sustain the fabric of the whole body, are either:
- United mutually by Symphysis or union; by which they are so conjoined that there is no dissimilar, nor heterogeneous body, at least which may be discerned, interposed between them. Such union appears in the two bones of the lower jaw at the chin, in the bones of the sternum, the Haunch with the Huckle-bones, and the Share-bones between themselves; of this union there are no more kinds, for by this it comes to pass, that the bones, which were more and distinct meet together by interposition of one Medium, to wit, a Gristle, which now indeed is no Gristle, but is turned into a Bone.
- or Conjoined by that which they call Arthrodia, or Articulation, as when they so concur and are bound together, that some Heterogeneous substance may be noted betwixt them, but the bones thus composed are knit two manner of ways, that is,
- either more loosely as by Diarthrosis, that is a kind of Articulation not very straight, as by which it might have opportunity to perform diverse motions: of this composure or Articulation of bones there are three kinds, as
- Enarthrosis, when the head of a bone is wholly received in the cavity of another, and hid therein, as the thigh-bone is joined with the Huckle-bone.
- Arthrodia, when in a lightly engraven and not much depressed cavity, the head of another bone is not wholly hid, but only received in part thereof; so that unless Nature had otherwise provided a sufficient receptacle for the head of this bone (as by the ligaments of the neighboring muscles) it would otherwise have been in perpetual danger of dislocation. Thus the arm-bone is fastened to the shoulder-blade.
- Gynglymos, when the bones mutually receive each other, such like composition has the cubit and arm-bone.
- or more straightly, as by synarthrosis, when the bones are more straightly knit so that they can perform no motions in the body. Of this Articulation there are also 3 kinds, that is
- Gomphysis, as when one bone so receives another as a Pin is fastened in the hole made by a peircer, thus the teeth are fastened in the jaws.
- Sutura, like a Saw, or teeth of a combe, as the bones of the skull are mutually knit together, or as scales, or tiles are laid, after which manner the stony bones are fastened to these of the Synciput.
- Harmonis, which is by interposition of a simple line, which parts bones abutting one upon another, as the bones of the nose.
- either more loosely as by Diarthrosis, that is a kind of Articulation not very straight, as by which it might have opportunity to perform diverse motions: of this composure or Articulation of bones there are three kinds, as
An Epitome or brief recital of all the muscles of man’s body.
As I have formerly reckoned up the bones, so here I have decreed to recite the muscles of man’s body.
Wherefore in the face we first meet with the broad or skin muscle, arising from the fleshy pannicle, and covering the whole neck and almost all the face. Then follow 4, pertaining to the upper eye-lids. In the orbs of the eyes lie 14, that is 7, in each orb, of which 4 are called right, two oblique and one pyramidal. Then succeed 4 of the nose, two external on each side one, and two internal, these draw it together and the other open it. After these come the 10 muscles of the lower jaw, of which two are called the Crotaphitae or Temporal; two Masseters or Grinders; two round (which seem to me rather to pertain to the lips, than to this jaw;) two little ones hid in the mouth, arising from the winged process of the wedge-bone; two openers of the mouth being nervous or tendinous in their midst. Then follow the 8 muscles of the lips, that is, 4 of the upper and as many of the lower, shutting and opening the mouth. The tongue with his 10 muscles is hid as it were in the den of the mouth. Wherefore the muscles of the whole face are 51.
In the fore part of the neck are found the muscles of the hyoid bone and throttle; now 8 muscles hold the hyoid bone as equally balanced; of which there are 2 upper arising from the chin; 2 on the sides from the process Styloides perforated in their midst, through which the 2 openers of the mouth in that part nervous do pass; 2 arise from the Sternum, and lastly 2 from the upper rib of the shoulder-blade to the Coracoides, which also in their midst are nervous, in which place the two Mastoids lie upon them.
The Throttle composed of three gristles has 18 or 20 muscles, of which 6 or 8 are common, and 12 proper; Of the common there are 2 above, 2 below, and 2 at the sides of the first gristle, to which we may add these 2 which serve for the opening of the Epiglottis, which are always found in great four footed beasts to press down the Epiglottis.
The proper are 12 which almost all of them come from the second gristle, so to be inserted into the first and third, of which some are before, others behind the Thyroides. Besides these, there are the Mastoidei which bend the head.
But in the back part of the neck there are 12 muscles also appointed to move the head, so that in all there are 14 muscles serving for the motion of the head, the 2 fore Mastoidei, and the 12 hind muscles, that is to say, the 2 Splenij, 2 Complexi, 4 Right, and so many oblique which are very short, so that they pass not beyond the first and second vertebra.
The neck has 8 muscles, of which 2 are called the long, lying before upon the bodies of the vertebrae; the 2 Scaleni which are at the sides; the 2 Spinati which run along the Spine; the 2 transverse which go to the transverse processes of the chest.
The chest has 81 muscles, of which some are on the fore part, some on the hind, others on the sides; they are all combined or coupled together except the Midriff. Now of these there are the 2 Subclavij; the 2 great Saw-muscles which proceed from the basis of the shoulder-blade; the 4 little Rbomboids or square muscles, that is, 2 above and 2 below; the 2 Sacrolumbi; the 2 binders of the Gristles within the chest.
Besides there are 22 external and as many internal intercostal muscles, 24 Intercartilaginei, that is, 12 external and as many internal; so that the intercostal, and Intercartilaginei are 68, which with the 12 before mentioned make the number of 80 muscles. Add to these the Midriff being without an associate, and you shall have the number formerly mentioned, to wit, 81. But also if you will add to these the muscles of the lower belly, I will not much gainsay it, because by accident they help inspiration and expiration.
Wherefore of the 8 muscles of the Epigastrium, there are 4 Oblique, of which 2 are descendent and so many ascendent; 2 right, to which you may add the 2 Assisting or Pyramidal muscles which come from the share-bone, if it please you to separate them from the head of the right muscles:
There are 6 or 8 muscles of the loins, of which two bend the loins which are the triangular; the two Semispinati; two Sacri; two are in the midst of the back, which for that cause we may call the Rachitae or Chine-muscles. Now, that hereafter we may severally and distinctly set down the muscles of the extreme parts, will we come to the privities.
Where for the use of the Testicles there are two muscles called the Cremasteres, or Hanging muscles. At the root of the yard, or Perinaeum, there are four others, partly for the commodious passing of the urine and seed, and partly for erecting the yard. The Sphincter muscle is seated at the neck of the Bladder.
At the end of the right gut are three muscles, two Levatores Ani, or Lifters up of the fundament, and one Sphincter or shutting muscle. Now let us prosecute the muscles of the Extremities, or Limbs. But it will be sufficient to mention only the muscles of one side, because seeing these parts of the body are double, those things which are said of the one may be applied to the other.
Wherefore the muscles of the arm, beginning with these of the shoulder-blade, at the least, are 42, for there are 4 of the shoulder-blade: of the arm properly or particularly so called, 7 or 8; and there are 3, 4, or 5 proper muscles of the cubit, that is, appointed for the performance of the motions thereof; in the inner part of the cubit are seven, and as many in the outer; but those of the hand are reckoned thirteen at the least.
The fourth of the shoulder-blade are the Trapezius resembling a Monk’s Cowle, which moves it upwards and downwards, and draws it backwards; the second is the Levator, or Lifter-up; the third the great Rhomboides lying under the Trapezius. The fourth, the lesser saw muscle which is inserted into the Coracoides. The arm is moved forwards, backwards, upwards, downwards and circularly.
The Pectoral muscle arising from the Clavicle, Breast-bone and neighboring ribs, draws it forwards; the Humilis or low-muscle coming from the lower rib of the shoulder-blade draws it backwards; the Deltoides upwards; and the Latissimus downwards, and somewhat back-wards. But the three seated about the shoulder-blade move it about, or circularly.
The Epomis or Scapularis upwards; the Supcascapularis, which may seem two, backwards and downwards; the Subscapularis which is in the cavity of the shoulder blade, forewards, so that by a certain vicissitude and succession of action they move it circularly. Two muscles bend the cubit, the one named biceps or Two-headed, and the other Brachiaeus or the arm-muscle; but one, two, or three muscles extend it; for if you have respect to the origin, this muscle has two or three heads, but one only insertion.
In the inside of the cubit are seven muscles, one Palmaris, two wrist-benders; two pronators, one square, another in some sort round; two finger-benders, and one Abductor or Drawer aside. These fourteen internal and external muscles of the cubit, do not indeed move the cubit, but only seated there move the wand and with it the hand. These are the 13 muscles of the hand; the Theu which may not only be divided into two, but into six, not only by the diverse actons it performs, but also by the branches divided by a manifest space between them; the second is called the Hypothenar, which lies under the little finger, as the Thenar doth under the thumb; the third is the Abductor of the thumb; then follow the four Lumbrici and six Interosses, although eight may be observed.
The whole leg has at the least 50 muscles, for we reckon there are 14 muscles in the thigh; there are 11 made for the use of the leg; there are 9 seated in the leg, three before and six behind which serve for the use of the foot and toes; in the foot are seated 16. Therefore of the 14 muscles serving the thigh two bend it, one called the Lumbaris, the other arising from the cavity of the Haunch-bone; but the three which make the Buttocks and the Triceps or Three-headed muscle, (which if you please, you may divide into three) extend it. Besides these the 4 twin muscles, and two Obturators, of which the one is internal, the other external, turn the thigh about.
The leg has 11, that is, the Long, the Membranous, the four Postici or hind muscles (three of which come from the Huckle-bone, but the other from the commissure of the Share-bone) the Right, the two Vaste, the Crureus or leg-muscle, and the Poplitaeus, or Ham-muscle. These seated in the leg for the use of the foot and toes are three fore and six hind muscles: two of the fore bend the foot, one of which is called the Tibiaeus anticus, the other Peronaeus, which you may divide into two. The third the bender of the toes, although it also partly bend the foot, to which also the bender of the thumb may be revoked. One of the hind is the toe-bender, others extend the foot, and are in this order; Two twins, one Plantaris, one Soleus, one Tibiaeus posticus and the great bender of the toes, to which may be revoked the bender of the thumb. Of the 16 seated in the foot, one is above, seated on the back of the foot, which we call the Abductor of the toes; another in the sole of the foot, to wit, the little bender of the toes, which goes to the second joint of the toes along the inside of the foot; the other lends his help to the great toe, which you may call the Abductor of the thumb; another is seated on the outside for the use of the little toe. To these are added the four Lumbrici, besides the eight Interosses; or if you had rather, ten. And thus much may suffice for the enumeration of the muscles.
The Figure of the muscles when the skin with its veins, the fat, and all the fleshy membrane are taken away, that part of the fleshy membrane excepted; which takes upon it the nature of a muscle, as being conjoined with the muscles.
a, the muscle of the fore-head.
b, the temporal muscle.
c, the muscle shutting the eye-lid.
d, the muscle opening the wings of the nose.
e, the fore part of the yoke-bone.
f, the muscle of the upper lip tending to the nose.
g, the beginning of the masseter or grinding muscle.
h, the broad muscle consisting of a fleshy membrane.
i, k, the beginning thereof which rises immediately from the collar-bone and the top of the shoulder.
l, that part thereof which bends forwards to l.
m, the muscle which lifts up the arm.
n, the pectoral muscle.
o, the membranous part of this muscle which is joined to the nervous part of the first muscle of the Abdomen or belly.
q, q, the fleshy portion thereof, from the 6. and 7. ribs, and the insertion thereof.
r the muscle drawing down the arm.
s, the oblique descending muscle of the lower belly.
t, t, t, the insertion of the greater saw muscle.
u u. the linea alba or white line, at which the two oblique descendent muscles meet, covering the whole belly.
x, the yard, the skin being taken away.
y, the vessels of seed.
α, the testicles wrapped in the fleshy membrane.
〈◊〉, the fore muscle bending the cubit.
γ, γ, the hind muscle bending the cubit.
δ, the muscle extending the cubit.
〈◊〉, the two-headed muscle extending the wrist.
〈◊〉, the muscle producing the broad tendon on the back of the hand.
ζ, his tendon.
〈◊〉, the muscle turning up the wand.
θ, the upper muscle flatting the wand,
〈◊〉, the. second of the arm-benders, whose beginning is χ, and tendon λ, o, a portion of the muscle, whereof one part yields tendons to the wrist, the other to the thumb.
〈◊〉, the fleshless articulation of the thumb.
ρ, a muscle inserted into the wrist, lying near to the following muscle.
σ, a muscle divided into two tendons, the one whereof is inserted into the first joint of the thumb, the other into the following.
τ, the first muscle of the thigh, whose head is at ν, and tendon at Φ, and insertion at χ.
Ψ, the end of the second muscle of the thigh.
ω the end of the third muscle of the thigh.
1, the 6th muscle of the leg; his beginning at 2. almost wholly membranous at 3.
4, the ninth muscle of the leg.
5, the eight of the leg.
6, a portion of the sixth and seventh of the thigh.
7, the Glandules of the groins.
8, the eight of the thigh.
9, the second of the leg.
11, the innermost of the ankle.
12, the sixth muscle of the foot, his origin 13. end 14.
15, the seventh of the foot.
16, the tendon of the muscle lifting up the great toe.
17, the muscles extending the four other toes.
18, the abductor of the great toe.
19, a transverse ligament.
20, a tendon of the ninth muscle of the foot.
21, the first muscle.
22, the fourth muscle of the foot.
23, the tendon of the third muscle.
- a muscle bending the third bone of the four lesser toes.
End of the sixth book.